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This unit explores the different types of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Learn about famous experiments and practical applications of these learning principles.
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Unit Overview • How Do We Learn? • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning • Learning by Observation Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Introduction • Learning • Habituation • Associative learning • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Observational learning
Introduction • Classical conditioning • Ivan Pavlov • John B. Watson • Behaviorism
Pavlov’s Experiments • Ivan Pavlov • Background • Experimental procedure
Pavlov’s Experiments • Parts of Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned stimulus (US) • Unconditioned response (UR) • Conditioned stimulus (CS) • Conditioned response (CR)
Pavlov’s ExperimentsAcquisition • Acquisition • Higher-order conditioning
Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery • Extinction
Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery
Pavlov’s ExperimentsGeneralization • Generalization
Pavlov’s ExperimentsDiscrimination • Discrimination
Extending Pavlov’s Understanding • Cognitive Processes • Learned helplessness • Biological Predispositions • Conditioned taste aversion
Pavlov’s LegacyApplications of Classical Conditioning • John Watson and Baby Albert
Operant Conditioning Big Bang Theory
Introduction • Respondent behavior – classical condition – actions that are automatic in response to a stimulus • Operant conditioning – associate actions with consequences • Operant behavior
Skinner’s Experiments • Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect- video – works all the time..when a behavior is rewarded it continues, punished it stops • B.F. Skinner • Behavioral technology • Behavior control
Skinner’s Experiments • Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)
Skinner’s ExperimentsShaping Behavior • Shaping • Successive approximations • Discriminative stimulus – narrowing down what will be reinforced
Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers • Reinforcer • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement
Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers • Reinforcer • Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement
Skinner’s ExperimentsTypes of Reinforcers • Primary reinforcer • Conditioned reinforcer • Secondary reinforcer • Immediate vs delayed reinforcers
Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment • Punishment • Positive punishment • Negative punishment
Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment • Negatives of using punishment • Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten • Punishment teaches discrimination • Punishment can teach fear • Physical punishment may increase aggression
Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement Schedules • Continuous reinforcement • Partial (intermittent) reinforcement • Schedules • Fixed-ratio schedule • Variable-ratio schedule • Fixed-interval schedule • Variable-interval schedule
Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingCognition and Operant Conditioning • Latent learning • Cognitive map • Insight learning • Intrinsic motivation • Extrinsic motivation
Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingBiological Predispositions • Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
Skinner’s LegacyApplications of Operant Conditioning • At school • In sports • At home • For self- improvement
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning • Similarities between classical and operant conditioning • Differences between classical and operant conditioning
Introduction • Observational learning • Social learning • Modeling
Mirrors in the Brain • Mirror neurons – see more on pg. 243 • Theory of mind – enables us to infer what another person is thinking or feeling – Unit 9
Bandura’s Experiments • Bandura’s bobo doll experiment • Children were placed in room and while playing observed an adult act aggressive towards doll. The children were then moved to another room with fewer toys but a similar doll. Watch what happens.
