Yogesh K. Tiwari Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India

1. Monitoring of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Other GHGs in India: Implications for Constraining Indian Emissions Yogesh K. Tiwari Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India Credits: Tania Guha, Smrati Gupta, Amey Datey, K. Ravi Kumar (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India)

2. CO2 emissions from India • India has one of the largest and fastest growing economies in South Asia and is emerging as a major contributor to CO2 emissions among developing nations. • Uncertainty of estimated emissions of CO2 over above Asian region are larger due to the lack of sufficient CO2 monitoring( Schuck et al., 2010, Peylin et al., 2012). • Towards a better understanding of CO2 transport pathways, CO2 sources and sinks over Indian subcontinent, need dense network and high quality CO2 monitoring supplemented by a robust modeling techniques (Bhattacharya et al., 2009;Tiwari et al., 2011, Ravi et al., 2014). Time series of CO2 emissions over South Asia during 1990-2009 (Source: Boden,2011)

3. GHGs monitoring at surface sites in India • (IITM Project)

4. Monitoring of GHGs at surface station in India: discrete flask sampling Wet condition (around October) Dry condition (during March, April) • We operate ground-based CO2, CH4, N2O measurements at Sinhagad (SNG), Pune, India for the past 7 years since 2009 • Objective: Understanding the both biological & meteorological factors affecting observations. Quantitative estimation of emission at regional scale. • 10m tower • Weekly sampling SNG CRI IITM, Pune- Sinhagad (SNG), 1600 m amsl CSIRO, NIO -Cape Rama (CRI), 50 m amsl (discontinued since 2013)

5. Methodology and analysis techniques Trace Gas Ultra, Thermo Sampling point Flask sampling unit NOAA standards (CO2:351ppm, 399ppm & 443ppm) (CH4: 1652ppb, 1856ppb & 1994ppb) GC Chromatogram Flask conditioning unit

6. Inter-comparison of calibration standards between GHGs monitoring laboratories in Asia (under the umbrella of WMO/GAW) India (IITM), Japan (JMA), Korea (KMA) • Objective: Identify our lab measurement scale offset from the international measurement scale • two cylinders containing air of known CH4 mole • fractions are circulated among the participants • Cylinders were analyzed using the experimental set up and calibration • Offset: difference between obtained value & assigned value by JMA • Observations were offset corrected CH4 cylinder

7. SF6 monitoring • KMA team visited IITM, Pune India: • KMA scientists and engineers visited IITM Gas Chromatograph (GC) lab during 19-23 Sept., 2015 • Monitoring of Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) at Gas Chromatograph (GC) lab at the IITM, Pune. • Collaborations on GHG’s monitoring in India

8. Observation of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentration from SNG station CO2 (ppm) • End of Southwest Monsoon (JJAS): low CO2 and CH4 • For CO2: Photosynthetic uptake related to crop harvesting & transport • For CH4: transport & OH radical related sink process CH4 (ppb) NDVI variation suggest the effect of crop production (manuscript under preparation)

9. Continuous monitoring of CO2, CH4, H2O, and CO using laser based instruments • The atmospheric CO2 budget estimated from both the top-down and bottom-up approaches suffers from large uncertainty (Patra et a., 2013). One of the primary reasons of this uncertainty is the lack of monitoring of CO2 at high temporal and spatial resolution • Especially monitoring the CO2 variability over an urban station which is the hot spots of anthropogenic emission is crucial • Understanding the CO2 variability at a finer temporal scale like hourly variation can add up to the understanding of the sudden emission episodes from a region and also transport driven mixing • Installed at IITM in January, 2016 • At the terrace of IITM main building • Currently running • Dry mol-fraction of CO2 • Dry mol-fraction of CH4 • CO • Water vapor concentration • Calibration of instrument with NOAA cylinder at regular time intervals

10. Diurnal variation of CO2 • CO2 concentration reaches its minima during afternoon and maxima during night time • Combined effect of biosphere and boundary layer is expected to control the variation (Pataki et al., 2003, Tania et al., 2010) (manuscript under preparation)

11. Intercomparison of Picarro and LosGatos LGR instruments CO2 observations

12. 2) Carbon flux measurement network in India (IITM Project)

13. Carbon flux Measurement Project in India (FLUXNET) run by IITM

16. Multi-level instrumentation Eddy Covariance (EC) systems at two levels consisting of fast-response 3D sonic anemometer-thermometer, closed-path CO2-H2O analyzer and data logger soil temperature sensor at 5 levels heat flux plates at 2 levels multi-component weather sensors at 4 levels infra-red thermometer Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) quantum sensor net radiometer Credits: Pramit

18. 3) Airborne GHGs monitoring in India

19. Airborne GHGs monitoring: 2014, 2015 Data display CRDS instrument • Instrumentation • Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy • (CRDS) for measuring CO2, CH4, CO, H2O concentrations in the air • CRDS is a linear optical absorption technique for measuring trace levels of a target compound in air • Linear optical absorption technique is a process of passing light through a gas sample and measuring the amount of light absorbed.

20. Vertical profile over Arabian Sea , 26 July 2015

22. New observational sites starting early next year

23. 72m Sagar 20m Cape Rama

24. Proposed tower schematic Greenhouse gases monitoring (multi-level inlet) 70 30 10 15 15 37 m 37 m

25. Thank You !!