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Learn about collaboration, campaigns, and confrontations in intervention planning, aligning choices with models and strategies. Design, implement, and evaluate as needed with a focus on documentation and ethical considerations.
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Intervention planning Using strategies and tactics
Strategies are long-terms plans of action designed to address a specific problem; tactics are short-term activities undertaken as part of a change-oriented strategy.
There are three primary types of strategies and tactics • Collaboration. Developing a consensus among a variety of different groups. • Campaign. Engaging in activities to bring opponents to the bargaining table. • Contest or confrontation. Targeting opponents in order to produce social change.
Choice of Strategies &Tactics (adopted from Brager, et al., 1987)
The choice of strategies and tactics should • Be made through dialogue between the organizer and constituents. • Be culturally appropriate and incorporate culturally relevant terms, activities, and symbols. • Be appropriate and relevant to the lives and experience of participants/beneficiaries. • Be flexible in design incorporating different strategies as the situation demands.
Organizers should first choose strategies/tactics that require a low level of intensity and then if they don’t work escalate the level of intensity of the tactics used.Low |____|____|HighCollaboration Campaign Contest
Intervention plans include • Goals (broad statements of what we want to achieve • Objectives (time-limited, measurable statements about the steps we will take to achieve goals)/ • Resources needed to carry out the plan • Identification of action and target systems • Identification of the model (s) of practice used. • Identification of strategies and tactics • Evaluation criteria (outcome and processes
Examples of objectives and evaluation criteria • Close two crack houses. Evaluation criteria: the number of houses closed. • Increase parental involvement in the local elementary school by 50%. Evaluation criteria: pre and post test measures of the number of parents attending parent student conferences.
Steps in the intervention plan design process • Problem identification • Establish a structure and process to include participants in intervention planning • Recruit participants • Complete a problem assessment • Conduct background research on target system; complete an analysis of power resources associated with target and action systems. • Develop goals. • Assess ethical implications as well as the benefits and risks associated with each option. • Develop objectives and evaluation criteria • Write intervention plan • Implement plan and make modifications as needed. • Conduct an evaluation. If successful, celebrate; if unsuccessful, repeat previous steps after assessment to find out why you failed.
Importance of documentation and case notes • Need to keep careful records of internet research, interview data, meetings, research data, and decisions made. • You do not want to keep “reinventing the wheel” i.e. finding information or forgetting that decisions have already been made. • Organizers engage in praxis – action and reflection to see if actions are appropriate or successful or if they need to be modified. • Organizers need to have a way to evaluate their own practice and discuss issues with supervisors. • Records of consultations with constituents should be reviewed at subsequent meetings so that decisions can be made and consensus developed. • Analyses of decision-making processes are important for understanding how decisions are made, who will make them, the power held by decision-makers, and how decisions can be influenced. This is the community organization equivalent of process recordings. • Minutes should be written up for all committee, board, and community meetings.
IMPORTANT!!! • Do not trust any decision-making process in which notes or minutes are not taken • Make sure that if you engage in negotiations with decision-makers that you write up your understanding of the meeting and share it with the decision-maker and with constituents. Make sure that all decision-makers agree with the write-up.
Questions for class discussion • Can you identify some social movements and the cultural symbols associated with them? • Identify disruptive tactics. When should they be used? • Are civil disobedience and other disruptive tactics ethical? • What types of strategies and tactics are appropriate for use by social workers? • How would you resolve the Hitler dilemma?
