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Wing morphology: aerial specialists vs. infrequent fliers

Wing morphology: aerial specialists vs. infrequent fliers. Intermediate (ca. 90% of all birds). Long primary extension. Aerial specialist (a tern). Infrequent fliers (a quail). Short or no primary extension. Tail morphology: climbing tail.

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Wing morphology: aerial specialists vs. infrequent fliers

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  1. Wing morphology: aerial specialists vs. infrequent fliers Intermediate (ca. 90% of all birds) Long primary extension Aerial specialist (a tern) Infrequent fliers (a quail) Short or no primary extension

  2. Tail morphology: climbing tail Top: a honeyguide (Indicatoridae); sister family to Picidae, with no tail modifications. Bottom: a woodpecker with broad, stiff shafts of rectrices, reduced barbs at tips. Subfamily Picinae: ca. 190 species

  3. Tail morphology: climbing tail Top: world’s largest toucan (Ramphastidae) with with no tail modifications Bottom: world’s largest woodpecker (Imperial Woodpecker, sadly extinct), with broad, stiff shafts of rectrices, reduced barbs at tips.

  4. Tail morphology: climbing tail Top: a woodcreeper (Furnariidae) with broad, stiff shafts of rectrices, reduced barbs at tips. Bottom: a foliage-gleaner (also in Furnariidae), with no tail modifications. Subfamily Dendrocolaptinae: ca. 45 species

  5. Tail morphology: climbing tail Top: a Brown Creeper (Certhiidae; 8 species) with broad, stiff shafts of rectrices, reduced barbs at tips. Bottom: a House Wren, with no tail modifications.

  6. Tail morphology: reduced tail (associated with infrequent flight) Tinamiformes: tinamous (47 spp.) Galliformes: Odontophoridae (33 species) Galliformes: Numididae: guinea-fowl (6 spp.) Galliformes: Phasianidae: pheasants and partridges (120+ species) Galliformes: Megapodiidae: megapodes (22 spp.)

  7. Tail morphology: reduced tail (associated with infrequent flight) Gruiformes; Rallidae (145 spp.) Otidiformes: bustards (26 spp.) Charadriiformes: Pedionomidae: Plains-wanderer (1 species) Charadriiformes: Turnicidae: button-quails (16 spp.) Glenn Bartley is my favorite bird photographer – visit his website and be amazed … Charadriiformes: Thinocoridae: seedsnipe (4 species)

  8. Tail morphology: reduced tail (associated with infrequent flight) -- Passeriformes Pittidae: pittas (30 spp.) Grallariidae: antpittas (50 spp.) Rhinocryptidae: tapaculos (50+ spp.) Zeledonidae: Wrenthrush (1 species) Formicariidae: Atnthrushes (12 spp.)

  9. Tail morphology: reduced tail (associated with infrequent flight) -- Passeriformes Acanthisittidae: New Zealand Wrens (4 spp.) Timaliidae: Napothera, Pnoepyga(11 spp.) Elachuridae: 1 species Estrildidae: quailfinchesOrtygospiza (3 spp.)

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