SCM 330 Ocean Discovery through Technology

1. SCM 330 Ocean Discovery through Technology Area F GE

2. Platforms: Ships and Buoys

3. First Oceanographic Vessels • HMS Beagle - Unpaid naturalist and “dinner companion” on board HMS Beagle for 4.5 yr – 1831-1836 • Charles Darwin: 1809-1882 • Theory of evolution • Atoll theory still excepted • On the Origin of Species

4. Challenger Expedition 1872 - 1876 • Charles Wyville Thomson directed the cruise • A primary goal of the cruise was to resolve the controversy over life in the abyss of the oceans • Royal Society of London sponsored the voyage and wanted measures of: • The chemical composition of seawater • The distribution of life forms at all depths • Coastal and ocean currents • The sedimentary deposits blanketing the seafloor • Accomplishments: • More than 360 deep--sea soundings (Marianas Trench, 8185 m) • Hundreds of deep-sea dredgings (bottom samples) • Trawls and water temperature profiles • Nearly 5000 new species discovered • First comprehensive survey of ocean salinity and depths • Found sea-life as deep as 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) • Findings published in 50 volumes

5. Fridjof Nansen: wanted to test his ideas about the direction of ice drift in the Arctic • Ocean by freezing a vessel into the ice pack and drifting with it to reach the North • Pole • Also famous for inventing the Nansen bottle/sled • Fram (to push forward) was specially-built for the trip • 38 m (123 ft) wooden ship with planks 1.2 m (4 ft) thick w/ smoothly-rounded hull Fram Nansen Fram’s drift across Arctic ice pack (1893-1895)

6. Voyage of the German Meteor (1925-27) • Studied the South Atlantic Ocean • Led by George Wüst • Model for four-layer circulation of Atlantic Ocean • Used acoustic depth sounders to create detailed maps

7. Voyage of the German Meteor (1925-27)

8. Oceanographic groups • Office of Naval Research (ONR) • National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Adminsitration (NOAA) • National Science Foundation Ocean Sciences program • Offshore Drilling Program (formerly DSDP, now IODP) • Examples include: • GLOBEC (Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics) • JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study) • RIDGE (Ridge Interdisciplinary Global Experiment) • Future programs include Ocean Observation Program, Office of Ocean Exploration. • Numerous Academic Institutions

9. P1: Aft Gantry P2: Trawl Post P3: Hydraulic Boom P4: Scientific Crane P5: Steering Gear P6: Seismic Compressors P7: Scientific Hold P8: Trawl/Biological Winch Room P9: Stern Thruster P10: Traction Winch Room P11: Gravity Meter Room P12: Transducer Space P13: Precision Echo Sounder Gantry P14: Ship's Stores' Crane P15: Scientific Crane P16: Bow Thruster P17: Foremast P18: Main Cargo Crane P19: Cabins P20: Scientist/Officer's Lounge P21: Wheelhouse P22: Satellite Comms P23: Chief Scientist's Suite P24: Midships Gantry P25: Aft Crane P26: Gilson Winches P27: Laboratories P28: Meteorological Platform

10. Seismic vessels

11. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Coast Guard Cutter Healy R/V Atlantis • 4 ½ feet of ice continuously at a speed of three knots • 8 feet of ice by "backing and ramming"

12. R/V Knorr IMET meterological sensor system: Wind speed and direction Air temperature Barometric pressure Relative humidity Short wave solar radiation Sea surface temperature Precipitation R/VOceanus Flow-through water sampling Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) Clean power Dedicated Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD), conducting wire winch R/V Tioga

13. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) RAFOS Float (SOund Fixing And Ranging) Video Plankton Recorder (VPR) Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (CTD) Sensors Gravity Corer

14. Towcam

15. University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) • Consortium of 64 academic institution, fleetof 28 ships • 2004/2005 Objectives • Access, Scheduling & Utilization • Scheduling Improvements MMPA/ESA • Permitting Outreach and Education Continuous Improvement • Quality Improvement • Standards of Service • Plan for Future Facilities • Fleet Renewal Facilities Improvement Planning • Icebreaker Renewal • Submergence Vehicle Renewal • Seismic Research Vessel

16. Scripps Oceanographic Institution R/V Melville R/V Roger Revelle R/V New Horizon R/V Robert Gordon Sproul

17. R/P Flip • 355 feet long • 30 foot wave = 3 feet of movement • wave height • acoustic signals • water temperature and density • collection of meteorological data

18. U of W: R/V Thompson • 274 feet long • 7000 Horsepower • 4000 gallons per day (freshwater) • 300-foot radius of its station • 11 foot waves • 2-knot current • 27-knot wind • 200 tons of scientific equipment • Foom hoods, compressed air, cool room, and freezer

19. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) • History of deep ocean • Sediment data over time, CO2, O2, other nutients • Geological data (plate tectonics) • Gas, oil, other fossil fuels

20. Moorings • Provide information about a fixed point over time and space • Time and money efficient • Data streamed in to laboratory • Biofouling • BreveBuster, ADCP, fluorometer, backscatter, cameras, CTD’s, wind, waves, nutrients, sonar, etc.

21. 20 vessels • Thousands of moorings • Wave model output • Sea Surface Temperature • Sea Ice Concentration • Vessel icing rates • Fog and visibility • Surface winds • HAB’s • Surface currents • Chlorophyll

22. Beaufort Shelf Edge Mooring Array (WHOI) • tightly spaced line of 8 moorings situated across the Beaufort continental slope • moored profilers • high resolution CTD/velocity section several times a day over a two-year period

23. Chukchi Outflow Mooring Array (UW/UAF) • transmissometer (clarity of the water) • fluorometer (amount of chlorophyll) • PAR sensor (amount of sunlight at given depth) • NAS-2e nutrient analyzer (measures dissolved nitrate) • current meter • upward-looking ADCP

24. Platforms: Ships and Buoys