Computer Architecture & Organization

1. Computer Architecture & Organization Course Introduction Engr. Umbreen Sabir Computer Engineering Department, University of Engg. & Technology Taxila. CA&O Lecture 01 by Engr. Umbreen Sabir

2. Course Information • Welcome to CA&O Course. • Course Web Page:http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCAObsSp09/index.asp • Course schedule is available from this web page. • You are responsible for checking this page regularly. • IMPORTANT: Schedule is tentative. Dates won’t change. • Instructor: • Engr. Umbreen Sabir- umbreen@uettaxila.edu.pk • Office hrs: Mon, Tues 11:30AM - 1:30PM

3. Course Information • Book:Computer Organization and Design by Patterson and Hennessy, 3rd Ed. • Slides: • Available on the course web page before lecture. • Grade Distribution: • Assignments: 10% • Quizzes: 7% • Attendance: 3% • Mid Exam: 20% • Final Exam: 60% • Quizzes will be unannounced.

4. Course Policies • Collaboration: • Not permitted in written or programming assignment. • When in doubt, ask the instructor. • Result of Cheating. • Null grades for that particular assignment or quiz.

5. Late Assignments & Regrading • Late assignments: • Only with approved excuse, with written documentation. • Events (sports etc.) need prior approval for late submission. • Completed within one week of original date. • You may ask to have an assignment regraded. • By next class after receiving back assignment. • Entire assignment is regraded. • Grade may go up or down.

6. Laptops, Cell Phones, Etc. • Laptops not permitted in the class during lecture. Note taking only. • Turn off cell phones prior to start of lecture. • If your phone rings (& it’s a good phone . ), it’s mine!! .

7. Course Objective • Describe the principles of computer architecture and organization. • To focus on the concepts that provides the basis for current computers. • Describe the techniques and principles for the development of high performance computer systems.

8. Course Contents • Principles of computer architecture. • Instruction set architecture. • CPU performance measurement. • CPU- Datapath and control unit design. • Single-issue pipelined processor. • Superscalar, VLIW. • Memory hierarchies and design. • I/O organization and design.

9. What you should know? • Basic logic design & machine organization. • logical minimization, FSMs, component design • processor, memory, I/O • Create, assemble, run, debug programs in an assembly language. • MIPS preferred • Create, simulate, and debug hardware structures in a hardware description language. • VHDL or Verilog • Create, compile, and run C (C++, Java) programs.

10. Course Structure • Design focused class • Various homework assignments throughout the semester. • Simulation of architecture. • Lectures: • 1 week for introduction and Basics. • 2 weeks review of the MIPS ISA. • 2 weeks for arithmetic in computers. • I week for performance measurement. • 3 weeks for Basic Architecture Design. • 3 weeks pipelined Datapath design issues. • 3 week memory hierarchies and memory design issues. • 1 weeks I/O design issues.

11. Classes of Computing Applications • Desktop Computers. • Best known form of computing. • One of the largest market of computers. • Delivering good performance to a single user at low cost. • Used to execute third party software - Shrink-wrap software

12. Classes of Computing Applications • Servers. • Run large programs for multiple users often simultaneously. • Typically accessed through a network. • Span the widest range in cost and capability.

13. Classes of Computing Applications • Embedded Computers. • Computer inside another device used for one predetermined application or collection of software. • In mobile phones, PDAs, video games, digital television etc

14. Where is the Market?

15. By the architecture of a system, I mean the complete and detailed specification of the user interface. … As Blaauw has said, “Where architecture tells what happens, implementation tells how it is made to happen.” The Mythical Man-Month, Brooks, pg 45

16. ISA Type Sales PowerPoint “comic” bar chart with approximate values (see text for correct values)

17. A Simplified View of Hardware and Software • Hardware in computer can only execute extremely simple low-level instructions. • Complex application->Simple instruction. • Several layers of software. • Organized in hierarchical fashion. • System software • Provides commonly useful services. • Operating system, Compiler.

18. A Simplified View of Hardware and Software

19. A Simplified View of Hardware and Software • Operating System. • Interfaces b/w a user’s program and hardware. • Handle basic I/O operations. • Allocate storage & memory. • Sharing computer among multiple applications. • Compiler. • Translate from high-level to low-level language,

20. From High-Level Language to Hardware Language • Binary digit/Bit. • Basic unit of hardware language. • Assembly Language. • Symbolic language of hardware. • Assembler. • Translates symbolic version into binary version. • High-Level programming language. • Language composed of words and algebraic notations.

21. From High-Level Language to Hardware Language

22. High-Level Language Advantages • Allow programmer to think in more natural language. • Allow design according to the intended use. • Fortran designed for scientific computation, Cobol for business data processing etc. • Improved programmer productivity. • It takes less time to develop program. • Portable. • Machine independent.

23. Basic Functions of Computer. • Inputting Data. • Outputting Data. • Processing Data. • Storing Data.

24. The Organization of a Computer • Input • Output • Memory • Datapath • Control

25. The Organization of a Computer

26. A Desktop Computer

27. Input Device- MOUSE • Original- Electromechanical. • Used a large ball- when rolled cause x and y counter to increment, which tell cursor movement. • Optical mouse including • LED- illuminate surface under the mouse • A tiny black-n-white camera- takes 1500 sample pictures/second. • Optical processor- compares images and determine position.

28. Output Device- Monitor • CRT • 30-75 times/sec refresh rate. • Image is matrix of pixels. • 1 bit-> black-n-white.8-bit-> gray-scale.24-bit-> Colored • LCD • LCD includes rod-shaped molecules in a liquid that form twisting helix- bends light entering the display. • Charge is applied to transmit or block light.

29. Output Device- Monitor (cont) • Active matrix-> A LCD which uses transistor to control the transmission of light at each individual pixel. • Raster refresh buffer/frame buffer • Stores the bit map. • Image to be represented on the screen is stored in frame buffer.

30. Raster Scan CRT

31. Computer CPU Memory Devices Control Input Datapath Output Inside the Box

32. Inside the Box • Motherboard. • Integrated circuit/ chip. • Memory. • CPU. • Datapath. • Control. • DRAM. • Cache memory.

33. PC Motherboard Closeup

34. Application Operating System Compiler Firmware Memory system Instr. Set Proc. I/O system Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design How Do the Pieces Fit Together? • Coordination of many levels of abstraction • Under a rapidly changing set of forces • Design, measurement, and evaluation Instruction Set Architecture

35. How Do the Pieces Fit Together? • Abstraction. • A model that renders lower level details of computer system temporarily invisible in order to facilitate design of sophisticated systems. • One of the most important abstraction is ISA. • Difference b/w architecture and implementation.

36. Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) • ISA: An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest level software of a machine that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly, including instructions, registers, memory access, I/O, and so on. • Enables implementations of varying cost and performance to run identical software • ABI (application binary interface): The user portion of the instruction set plus the operating system interfaces used by application programmers. Defines a standard for binary portability across computers.

37. Safe Place for Data • Memory • Volatile memory. • Non-volatile memory. • Primary memory. • Secondary memory. • Magnetic disk. • CD/ DVD

38. A Disk showing 10 disk Platters

39. Communicating With Other Computers • Communication • Resource Sharing. • Non-local access. • LAN • Ethernet • WAN

40. The Chip Manufacturing Process

41. The Chip Manufacturing Process • Defect. • Microscopic flaw in a wafer or in patterning steps that can result in the failure of the die containing that defect. • Die. • The individual rectangular section that are cut from a wafer, also knows as chips. • Yield. • The %age of good dies from the total no. of dies on the wafer.

42. The 8 inch Diameter Wafer

43. Next Lecture and Reminders • Next lecture • MIPS ISA Review • Reading assignment – Chapter 2