Prologue: The Story of Psychology

1. Prologue: The Story of Psychology

2. Prologue: The Story of Psychology Psychology’s Roots • Prescientific Psychology • Psychological Science is Born • Psychological Science Develops

3. Prologue: The Story of Psychology Contemporary Psychology • Psychology’s Big Debate • Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis • Psychology’s Subfields

4. Prescientific Psychology Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.) http://www.law.umkc.edu http://www.law.umkc.edu Socrates Plato Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate.

5. Prescientific Psychology Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) http://faculty.washington.edu Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.

6. Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650) http://www.spacerad.com http://ocw.mit.edu Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated. Believed in animal spirits and nerves communicating in the body.

7. Prescientific Psychology Francis Bacon (1561-1626) http://www.iep.utm.edu Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental method. (empiricism)

8. Prescientific Psychology John Locke (1632-1704) biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.

9. Prescientific Psychology What is the relation of mind to the body?

10. Prescientific Psychology How are ideas formed?

11. Psychological Science is Born Structuralism Titchner (1867-1927) Wundt (1832-1920) Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. Wundtestablished first psych laboratory

12. Structuralism • Define makeup of conscious experience, breaking it down into objective sensations (light and taste) and subjective feelings (emotional responses, will, mental images) • Believe that mind functions by creatively combining the elements of experience • Introspection (self-reflection)

13. Psychological Science is Born Functionalism James (1842-1910) Mary Calkins Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism. Functions of our thoughts and feelings.

14. Functionalism • Emphasizes the uses or functions of the MIND rather than the elements of experience • Deals with overt behavior as well as consciousness • Activity: Gum Chewing

15. Functionalism • William James (1842-1910): Wrote first modern psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology

16. Psychological Science is Born The Unconscious Mind Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. (SEX & UNCONSCIOUS)

17. Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism Skinner (1904-1990) Watson (1878-1958) Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.

18. Behaviorism • John Watson (1878-1958): Founder of behaviorism • Psychology must limit itself to observable, measurableevents-to behavior

19. Behaviorism Examples: • Pressing a lever, turning left or right, eating and mating, heart rate, dilation of the pupils

20. Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology Maslow (1908-1970) http://facultyweb.cortland.edu Rogers (1902-1987) http://www.carlrogers.dk Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance.

21. Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

22. Psychological Associations & Societies The American Psychological Association(APA) is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 members world-wide, followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.

23. Psychology’s Big Debate Nature versus Nurture Darwin (1809-1882) Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

24. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

25. Andrea Yates Video

26. Andrea Yates • Low self-esteem (psychological) • Mood disorder-depressed (biological-brain chemistry) • Husband didn’t help with kids (socio-cultural) • Equals-Biopsychosocial Approach

27. Psychology’s Perspectives The Big Seven

28. Neuroscience Perspective (Pinky finger) • Focus on how the physical body and brain creates our emotions, memories and sensory experiences. Study hormones, genes, and activity of the central nervous system, especially the brain

29. Evolutionary Perspective (Extra finger) • Focuses on Darwinism. • We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. • Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival. How could this behavior ensured Homer’s ancestors survival?

30. Approaches cont. • Evolutionary/Sociobiological • Focus is on how certain behaviors may have helped our ancestors survive. (mother nature practicing selective breeding)

31. Psychodynamic Perspective (thumb) • Fathered by Sigmund Freud. • Our behavior comes from unconscious drives. • Usually stemming from our childhood. What might a psychoanalyst say is the reason someone always needs to be chewing gum?

32. Psychoanalysis Emphasizes the importance of unconsciousmotives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior

33. Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): • Believed that unconscious thought , especially sexual and aggressive impulses, were more influential than conscious thought in determining human behavior.

34. Psychoanalysis • Thought mind was unconscious, consisting of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes. • People motivated to gratify these impulses and urges

35. Psychoanalysis • Freud: gained his understanding of people through clinical interviews with patients • Gain insight into deep-seated conflicts and find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs

36. Behavioral Perspective (Middle finger) • Focuses on our OBSERVABLE behaviors. • Only cares about the behaviors that impair our living, and attempts to change them. If you bit your fingernails when you were nervous, a behaviorist would not focus on calming you down, but rather focus on how to stop you from biting your nails.

37. BEHAVIORISTS • How people learn • Rewards and punishment John B. Watson

38. Cognitive Perspective (pointer finger) • Focuses on how we think (or encode information) • How do we see the world? • How did we learn to act to sad or happy events? • Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way you think. Meet girl Get Rejected by girl Or get back on the horse Did you learn to be depressed

39. Approaches cont. • GESTALT • consider behavior in context rather than in isolation (age, race, gender, money, time, family, etc.) • Perceptions more than the sum of its parts • Wholes that give meaning to parts • COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY • not just rewards and punishment • How people perceive, store and interpret information • How thought processes develop over time (10 years old compared to today)

40. Social-Cultural Perspective (palm) • Focus on how your culture effects your behavior. • Even in the same high school, behaviors can change in accordance to the various subcultures. • How thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation

41. Humanistic Perspective (ring finger) • Focuses on positive growth • Attempt to seek self-actualization • Therapists use active listening and unconditional positive regard. Mr. Rogers would have made a great Humanistic Therapist!!!

42. Approaches cont. • HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY • people try to achieve their maximum potential (self actualization) • Promote health and self-growth • ECLECTIC • Combination of approaches

43. Psychology’s Current Perspectives

44. Psychology’s Current Perspectives

45. Psychology’s Current Perspectives

46. Andrea Yates(outrageous celebrity) • Low self-esteem (cognitive) • Mood disorder-depressed (biological-brain chemistry) • Husband didn’t help with kids (socio-cultural) • Didn’t have unconditional positive regard (Humanistic) • Saw someone do it on tv (Behavioral) • Abused as a child (psychodynamic)

47. Dennis Rodman • Biological-high level of estrogen that makes him feel like he needs to wear women’s clothing • Evolutionary-his height and athleticism will be passed on to his ancestors • Psychodynamic-traumatized as a child when he wasn’t permitted to wear a Halloween costume which he has repressed but now overcompensates for his loss as a child.

48. Behavioral-both his father and grandfather were cross-dressers so he observed and modeled their behavior • Cognitive-he seeks out attention and believes that if he does outrageous things people will love and accept him • Social-cultural-the media and NBA culture allows and widely accepts outrageous behavior • Humanistic-He has fully embraced his feminine side so he wears his clothes freely because he knows he has reached his full potential

49. Psychology’s Subfields: Research

50. Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997