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Simulation of Antiproton Interactions with Protons and Nuclei in Geant4

This project focuses on the simulation of antiproton interactions with protons and nuclei using Geant4. It includes the dynamics of Pbar-P reactions, determination of cross sections, comparison with experimental data, and recent improvements in the FTF model. The implementation also covers antiproton-nucleus interactions and known experimental data.

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Simulation of Antiproton Interactions with Protons and Nuclei in Geant4

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  1. Simulation of Antiproton Interactions with Protons and Nuclei in Geant4 A.Galoyan, A.Ribon, V. Uzhinsky Anti-Proton1955, Emilio Segre and Owen Chamberlain (Nobel Prize in Physics)- Anti-Neutron, 1956, Bruce Cork and colleagues (BNL) Anti-Deuterium, 1965, Antonino Zichichi et al. (CERN), D.E. Dorfan et al. (BNL) Anti-Helium-3, 1974, Y.M. Antipov et al. (IHEP) Anti-He-4, March 2011, STAR Collab. , Au+Au (RHIC). ALICE Collab., Pb+Pb LHC – CERN Discovery of Anti-Nuclei in cosmic rays? - > PAMELA, BESS, AMS, CAPRICE. Pbar-P and Pbar-Nucleus interactions : PANDA experiment at FAIR , ELENA project at CERN Geant4 9.5 release(http://geant4.cern.ch/support/source_archive.shtml) Interactions of anti-baryons(including anti-hyperons)and light anti-nuclei with matter have been implemented in the Fritiof (FTF) model in 2011. This model is valid for incident anti-baryon energies from 0 to 1 TeV, and for incident anti-nucleus momenta from 150 MeV/c/nucleon up to 1 TeV/c/nucleon. Corresponding anti-baryon and anti-nuclear cross section classes have also been added. New processes were added to handle inelastic reactions of anti-deuterons, anti-tritons, anti-3He and anti-alphas. Content 1. Dynamics of Pbar–P reactions in the FTF model of Geant4 2. Determination of cross sections of Pbar-P processesin the FTF model 3. Comparison of simulations of Pbar-P interactionsby the FTF model with experimental data 4. Recent improvements of the FTF model for description of strange particle production in Pbar-P 5. Cross sections of antiprotons and light anti-nuclei interactions with nuclei 6. Dynamics of antiproton – nucleus interactions in the FTF model 7. Description of known antiproton – nucleus experimental data in the FTF model 1

  2. Dynamics of Pbar-P interactions DPM:Regge Phenomenology + Quarks + 1/Nf QCD A. Capella, U. Sakhatme et al. //Phys Rep. 236(1994)225. A.B.Kaidalov // Zeit fur Phys. C12 (1982) 63 Calculation procedure: V.V. Uzhinsky and A.S. Galoyan, hep-ph/0212369 Cross-sections of various processes in anti-P P interactions. Physics Book of PANDA Collaboration, Physics Performance Report for PANDA (AntiProton Annihilations at Darmstadt) Strong Interaction Studies with Antiprotons Implementation: A.Galoian and V.Uzhinsky,AIP Conf.Proc.796:79,2005 New Monte Carlo implementation of quark-gluon string model of anti-p p interactions. 2

  3. Cross sections, process “b”, anti-diquark – diquark string creation 2-particle decay 3

  4. Cross sections, process “e”, anti-quark – quark string creation LUND Model Jetset 6.2 4

  5. Cross sections, process “e”, anti-quark – quark string creation 5

  6. Cross sections, process “a”, 3 anti-quark – quark string creation Main channels of antiproton– proton interactions are reproduced! 6

  7. Cross sections, process “g/h”, high energy interactions Cross sections,process “c”, creations of 2 anti-quark – quark strings 7

  8. Cross sectionsofPbar-P processes in FTF model of Geant4 Dynamics of interactions of anti-protons and anti-nuclei … A. Galoyan, A. Ribon, V.Uzhinsky. PoS BaldinISHEPPXXII (2015) 049.Conference C14-09-15.10 Proceedings 8

  9. Recent developments in Geant4. // J. Allison et al.. 2016. 40 pp. Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A835 (2016) 186-225; FERMILAB-PUB-16-447-CD Main Pbar-P channels with baryons in final states are considered Exp data:E.Bracci et al.,CERN/HERA 73-1(1973) 9

  10. Main annihilations Pbar-P channels without baryons in final states considered Exp data: E.Bracci et al.,CERN/HERA 73-1(1973) 10

  11. Validation of FTF model, Pbar-P annihilation at rest See more data in: C. Amsler F. Myhrer Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. v. 41 (1991) 219. C. Amsler Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 (1998) 1293 11

  12. Differential Cross Sections of PbarP->K+ K-at various initial energies (cms angle distributions) rotation of quark-gluon strings were added in FTF model 12

  13. Differential Cross Sections of PbarP->ΛΛbarat thresholdmomenta (cms angle distributions) FTFwith rotation of quark-gluon strings Exp. data: P.D. Barnes et al., Phys. Rev.C, V54. N6 (exp. PS185 at LEAR) 13

  14. Differential Cross Sections of PbarP->ΛΛbar at various initial energies (transfered momentum distributions) FTFwith rotation of quark-gluon strings Exp. data: B. Jayet et al., Nuov. Cim. A45, 371 (1978) Differential Cross Sections of PbarP->ΛΛbar at Plab= 3.6 and 6 GeV/c 14 Exp. data: H. Becker et al., Nucl. Phys. B141 48 (1978)

  15. New annihilation channels were considered in 2018 2 and 3 particle channels: PbarP -> Σ+Σ-bar, Σ-Σ+bar, Σ0Λbar, Σ0bar Λ Λπ0Λbar, Σ+π-Λbar + c.c. , Λ K0 Nbar +c.c. (before and after improving ) Landolt-Bornstein, Vol.12, “Total Cross –Sections for Reactions…” P=0.5 -> 0.3 ? 0.5:0.5->0.75:0.25 ? 15

  16. New annihilation channels were added in 2018 2 particle channels: PbarP -> ρ0ω, ρ0π0, π-ρ+. They are compared with PbarP ->π+π- Landolt-Bornstein, Vol.12, “Total Cross –Sections for Reactions…” In FTF 10-04-Ref09 channel PbarP -> ρ0ωis absent (bug). We have fixed the bug. 16

  17. New annihilation channels were added in 2018 3 particle channels: PbarP -> π+π-ρ0, π+π- ω, compared with π+π- π0 3 particle channels: PbarP -> π0 2ρ0, π- ρ+ ρ0 + c.c. Landolt-Bornstein, Vol.12, “Total Cross –Sections for Reactions…” 17

  18. New annihilation channels were added in 2018 4 particle channels: PbarP -> π+ π- K+ K-, π0 π- K+Ks0, π+ π-Kl0 Ks0, π+ π- 2Ks0. 5 particle channels: PbarP -> π+ π- π0 K+ K-, π+ 2π- K+Ks0, π+ π- π0 Kl0 Ks0, π+ π- π0 2Ks0. Landolt-Bornstein, Vol.12, “Total Cross –Sections for Reactions…” 18

  19. Cross sections of 2, 4, 6, 8 prong events in Pbar-P-interactions Exp data: V. Flaminio et al.,CERN/HERA 84-01(1984) 19

  20. Results for inclusive cross sections of Antiproton – Proton reactions invarious versions of FTF model Rapidity distributions of Π- mesons in Pbar-P interactions. G.D. Patel et al., Z. Phys. C - Particles and Fields 12,189, 1982 C.P. Ward et al., Nucl. Phys. B153 299 1979 E.E. Zabrodin et al., Phys. Rev.D, V52, N3, 1995 20

  21. Results for inclusive cross sections of Antiproton – Proton reactions in various versions of FTF model Rapidity distributions of Π+ mesons in Pbar-P interactions in a wide energy range 21

  22. Results for inclusive cross sections of AntiProton–Protonreactions in various versiouns of FTF model Rapidity distributions of protons in Pbar-P interactions Exp data: E.V. Vlasov, Z. Phys. C - Particles and Fields 13, 95, 1982 G.D. Patel et al., Z. Phys. C - Particles and Fields 12,189, 1982 J. Chyla, Czech. J. Phys. B 30 1980 E .G. Boos et al., Nucl. Phys. B174 45, 1980 22

  23. Results for inclusive cross sections of Antiproton–Proton reactions PT2 ofPi+ mesons PT2 ofProtons dN/dPt2 ~exp(-Pt2/<Pt2>) → dN/dPt2 ~exp(-B*Mt)/Mt, Mt=sqrt(m^2+Pt2)-m Exp data: J. Chyla, Czech. J. Phys. B 30 1980 E .G. Boos et al., Nucl. Phys. B174 45, 1980 E.V. Vlasov, Z. Phys. C - Particles and Fields 13, 95, 1982 23

  24. Tuning of FTF model using NA61/SHINE data Measurements of π±, K± , p and p¯ spectra in proton-proton interactions at 20, 31, 40, 80 and 158 GeV/c with the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS. NA61/SHINE Collaboration Eur.Phys.J. C77 (2017) no.10, 671 Probability of strange q-qbar production at final string decay is changed. New probability is chosen: 24

  25. Tuning of FTF model using NA61/SHINE data Measurements of π±, K± , p and p¯ spectra in proton-proton interactions at 20, 31, 40, 80 and 158 GeV/c with the NA61/SHINE spectrometer at the CERN SPS. NA61/SHINE Collaboration Eur.Phys.J. C77 (2017) no.10, 671 Probability of diquark-antidiquark production at string decay is chosen as: 25

  26. Inclusive Cross Sections of PbarP->Λ+X and PbarP->Ks0+X processes Production of strange particles in hadronic interactions. A. Galoyan, A. Ribon, V. Uzhinsky. // Nuclear Theory vol.37, P. 98. Proccedings of IWNT-37, 2018 arXiv:1810.09973 Exp.data: S. Banerjee et al., TIFR-BC-78-8 Landolt-Bornstein, Vol.12, “Total Cross –Sections for Reactions…” Xf and Pt2 distributions of Ks0 in PbarP->Ks0 +X at Plab=0.76 GeV/c 26 Exp.data: A.M. Cooper et al., Nucl.Phys.B 136, 1978, P.365

  27. Kinematic distributions of Λ, Λbar, Ks0 produced in PbarP interactions at P=3.6 GeV/c Production of strange particles in hadronic interactions. A. Galoyan, A. Ribon, V. Uzhinsky. // Nuclear Theory vol.37, P. 98. Proccedings of IWNT-37, 2018 arXiv:1810.09973 FTF (withanisotropy of decay of antidiquark-diquark strings) results exp data: S.Banerjee et al.,TIFR-BC-78-8 27

  28. Kinematic distributions of Λ and Ks0 produced in PbarP interactions at Plab=12 GeV/c and 22 GeV/c FTF(with anisotropy of decay of antidiquark-diquark strings) results Exp data: D. Bertrand et al., Nucl. Phys. B 128 365 (1977) 28 Exp data: B.V.Batyunya et al., Z. Phys.C 25 213 (1984)

  29. Kinematic distributions of Λ and Ks0 produced in PbarP interactions at Plab=100 GeV/c Production of strange particles in hadronic interactions. A. Galoyan, A. Ribon, V. Uzhinsky. // Nuclear Theory vol.37, P. 98. Proccedings of IWNT-37, 2018 arXiv:1810.09973 29 Exp data: D.R. Ward et al., Phys. Lett. 62B 237 (1976)

  30. Glauber theory for antiproton-nucleus interactions For the first time a good description of Pbar D interactions was reached in the paper by V. Franco, R.J. Glauber Phys. Rev. 142 (1966) 119 High-energy deuteron cross-sections. adTa_Fig8 O.D. Dalkarov, V.A. Karmanov Nucl.Phys.A445:579-604,1985. Amplitude of hadron-nucleus elastic scattering Differential elastic scattering cross section Amplitude of elastic hN scattering in impact parameter representation ß is the slope parameter of hN differential elastic cross section Square module of the wave function is written as: Diagen: Generator Of Inelastic Nucleus-nucleus Interaction Diagrams.S. Shmakov, V.Uzhinsky, A.Zadorozhny, Comp. Phys. Comm., 54 (1989) 125 30

  31. Our parameterization of Pbar–P cross sections σel/σtot=1/(2 Csh)≈1/3, according to the quasi-eikonal approach of the reggeon field theory (K.A. Ter-Martirosyan, A.B. Kaidalov) 31

  32. Antiproton–Nucleus interactions, cross sections for light nuclei V. Uzhinsky, J. Apostolakis , A. Galoyan et al. Phys. Lett. B705 (2011) 235 Antiproton-nucleus cross sections implemented in Geant4 PhysicsList – FTF_BERT 32

  33. Antiproton–Nucleus interactions, cross sections for heavy nuclei V. Uzhinsky, J. Apostolakis , A. Galoyan et al. Phys. Lett. B705 (2011) 235 Antiproton-nucleus cross sections implemented in Geant4 PhysicsList – FTF_BERT We gathered and described all exp.data on antiproton-nucleus cross-sections 33

  34. Antiproton-Nucleus interactions, elastic scattering on nuclei 34 Black disk model approximation with diffuse boundaryand Imaginaryand Real parts of elastic scattering amplitude “Structure of antiproton-proton elastic scattering amplitude” A. Galoyan, V.Uzhinsky, JETP Letters, v. 94, No 7 (2011) 94 sets of pbar-p exp data were used from Plab=181 MeV/c up to sqrt(S)=1800 GeV

  35. Glauber theory for nucleus-nucleus interactions Amplitude of nucleus-nucleus elastic scattering in Glauber theory Generator of inelastic nucleus-nucleus interaction diagrams Computer Physics Communications, V 54, 1989, Pages 125-135 S. Yu. Shmakov, V. V. Uzhinskii, A. M. Zadorozhny - DIAGEN 35

  36. Nuclear cross sections – absorption X’s The Glauber approach works well! Nuclear cross sections – absorption X’s 36

  37. Dynamics ofAntibaryon–Nucleus interactions A. Galoyan, Hyperfine Interactions: v. 215 (2013) 69 “Simulations of light antinucleus-nucleus interactions” Low energy, Std. cascade. Cascade+ Resonances Model of nuclear disintegration In high-energy nucleus nucleus interactions. K. Abdel-Waged, V.V. Uzhinsky Phys.Atom.Nucl.60:828-840,1997. High energy, Std. QGS. Correction of multiplicity of intra-nuclear collisions S.Yu. Shmakov, V.V. Uzhinsky, Zeit. fur Phys. C36:77,1987. Max. cross section method: W.A. Coleman: Nucl. Sci. Eng. 32 (1968) 76 37

  38. Antibaryon–Nucleus interactions, inelastic interactions Correction of multiplicity of intra-nuclear collisions, HARP-CDP exp. data Nmax=1, Plab=3, 5 GeV/c: Nmax=2, Plab=8 GeV/c: Nmax=3, Plab=12 P0 ≈ 4 GeV/c 38

  39. Leading antiproton spectra in Pbar-A interactions at high energies Feyman X distributions of produced antiprotons pbarA-interactions at 120 GeV/c,R. Bailey et al., Z. Phys. C29 (1985) 1. 39

  40. Results ofFTF validationforPbar-Nucleus interactions at p= 200 GeV/c Rapidity Ch+, Rapidity Ch- mesons Multi-particle production on hydrogen, argon and xenon targets in a streamer chamber by 200 GeV/c proton and antiproton beams. De Marzo et al. Phys. Rev. D26 (1982) 1019 40

  41. Kinematical properties of Λ and Ks0 produced in PbarXe interactions at Plab=200 GeV/c “Simulation of AntiMatter–Matter Interactions in Geant4.” A.Galoyan, V. Uzhinsky , A. Ribon (CERN).2018. EPJ Web Conf. 173 (2018) 06005 I. Derado et al.,Z. Phys. C Particles and Fields 50, 31 36 (1991) 41

  42. Pbar-A annihilation at rest. “Simulation of AntiMatter–Matter Interactions in Geant4.” A.Galoyan, V. Uzhinsky , A. Ribon (CERN).2018. EPJ Web Conf. 173 (2018) 06005 Energy spectra of pi+ mesons produced in Pbar–D/Ne at rest Exp. data: D. Polster, et. al, Phys. Lett. B 300 (1993) 317-321 Exp. data: J. Rielberger, Nuclear Physics B (Proc Suppl ) 8 (1989) 288-293 42

  43. Results ofFTF validation for Antiproton–Nucleus reactions inflight Rapidity distributions of π+ Rapidity distributions of Protons Exp. data: P.L.McGaughey et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. V56, N20, 1986 43

  44. Results ofFTF validation for AntiProton–Nucleus reactions inflight Angle and energy distributions of pions and protons in Pbar-C /Nbar-C interactions at projectile momentum 750 MeV/c Exp data : P.L.McGaughey et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. V56, N20, 1986 44

  45. Results ofFTF validation for AntiProton–Nucleus reactions inflight Kinetic energy spectra of neutrons produced in Pbar-Al, Pbar-Cu at projectile momentum 1.22 GeV/c T. von Egidy et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 8, 197 (2000) LEAR collab. data 45

  46. Results ofFTF validation for Antiproton–Nucleus reactions inflight Kinetic energy spectra of neutrons produced in Pbar-Ta, Pbar-U at projectile momentum 1.22 GeV/c T. von Egidy et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 8, 197 (2000) LEAR collab. data 46

  47. Conclusion 1. Cross sections of Pbar-P processes have been determined at energies from 100 MeV to 1000 GeV and implemented in the FTFmodel of Geant4. Good description of Pbar-Preaction cross sections has been reached in FTFmodel. 2. Kinematicalpropertiesofprotonsandπ-mesons produced in Pbar-P interactions in a wide initial energy range have been simulated in FTF model. The simulations arein reasonable agreement with corresponding experimental data. 3. New Probabilitiesof strange q-qbarpair and diquark-antidiquark pair production at final string decay are proposed and implemented in theFTFmodel. Kinematical propertiesofΛ-hyperonsandKs0 -mesonsproducedinPbar-Pprocessesare calculatedin theFTFmodelwiththe new probabilities.The FTFmodelresults reproduce quite well experimentaldataon Λ-hyperonsandKs0-mesons spectra atdifferentinitial momenta. 4. Method for calculations of Pbar–Nucleuscross sections hasbeendeveloped and implemented in Geant4. Good description of known exp. data on XS is obtained. 5. Extension of the FTFmodel on Antiproton-Nucleus reactions has been proposed. Experimental spectra of protons, pi-mesons, neutrons are reproduced quite well by the FTFmodel simulations of Pbar–Nucleus interactions at rest and low energies . 6. Goodagreement is reached atcomparisonofexperimentaldata and theFTFmodel simulations of antiproton-nucleus interactions at high energies. 7. The extended FTF model has been implemented in Geant4 and PandaRoot. 47

  48. Simulation of Anti-Nucleus-Nucleus Elastic Scattering Calculation results for Profile functions in Glauber model Generator of inelastic nucleus-nucleus interactiondiagrams, ComputerPhysics Communications, 54 (1989)125, S. Yu. Shmakov, V. V. Uzhinskii, A. M. Zadorozhny Profile functions P(b) for pbar+Pb at Plab=0.1, 1, 1000 GeV/c Accordingto black diskmodel approximation 2-dimensional Fourie transform of P(b): (1) W.E. Frahn, R.H. Venter// Ann. Phys. 24 (1963) 234; D.C. Choudhury//Phys. Rev. C22 (1980) 1848; 10 Yu.A. Berezhnoy, V.Yu. Korda// Inter. J. Mod. Phys. 7 (1998) 723

  49. Glauber amplitudes and black disk model approximation Pbar+Pb elastic scattering Glauber amplitudes at P=0.1 and 1000GeV/c (blue lines)and J1(Rq)/(Rq)(black lines) First zero of F(q) can be used for determination of R, R=3.832/q_zero F(0)=πR2at such choice of R 11

  50. Interpolation of effective parametersof black disk model 12

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