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Principles of Ecology

Principles of Ecology. Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships. Section 2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem. Section 3: Cycling of Matter. Principles of Ecology. Section 1. Organisms and Their Relationships. Ecology.

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Principles of Ecology

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  1. Principles of Ecology Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships Section2: Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Section 3: Cycling of Matter

  2. Principles of Ecology Section 1 Organisms and Their Relationships Ecology • Scientific discipline in which the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments are studied • Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods.

  3. Principles of Ecology Section 1 Organisms and Their Relationships TheBiosphere • A thin layer around Earth that supports life • Extends several kilometers above the Earth’s surface • Extends several kilometers below the ocean’s surface

  4. Principles of Ecology Section 1 Organisms and Their Relationships The Biosphere

  5. Principles of Ecology Section 1 Organisms and Their Relationships Biotic Factors • Living factors in an organism’s environment Abiotic Factors • Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment • Organisms adapt to survive in the abiotic factors present in their natural environment.

  6. Principles of Ecology Section 1 Organisms and Their Relationships Levels of Organization-Amoeba Sisters: Biological Levels • Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase. • organism • population • biological community • ecosystem • biome • biosphere

  7. Principles of Ecology Section 1 Organisms and Their Relationships • The lowest level of organization is the individual organism itself. • Organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time make up a population. • A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time.

  8. Principles of Ecology Section 1 Organisms and Their Relationships • An ecosystem is a biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it. • A biome is a large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities.

  9. Principles of Ecology Section 1 Organisms and Their Relationships Ecosystem Interactions • A habitat is an area where an organism lives. • A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment.

  10. In your notebook….Divide a whole page into 4 sections

  11. For each square on your chart include: • Description: • Picture: • Examples: (see next slide) • Contains Abiotic and/or Biotic factors?

  12. Examples-add to your chart where they fit the best • A herd of bison • Frogs, insects, and birds living near a pond • Plants, animals, water and soil of a forest • The kelp forest where sea otters live • All the hummingbirds that live in your state • A freshwater stream where mussels grow • Fish, eels, and lobsters living on a coral reef • The ocean • A dying tree with holes that animals live in • Wetland plants, animals, and marshes

  13. Principles of Ecology Section 1 Organisms and Their Relationships Community Interactions • Competition • Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time • Predation • Many species get their food by eating other organisms.

  14. Principles of Ecology Section 1 Organisms and Their Relationships Symbiotic Relationships • The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together • As you watch the video, write a description of the 3 main types of symbiosis • Untamed Science Symbiosis • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism

  15. Good Buddies Gamewhile you play the game, record the relationships in the correct column. Use  to show if an organism is helped,  if an organism is harmed, if it is not affected

  16. Principles of Ecology Section 2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Energy in an Ecosystem • Autotrophs • Organisms that collect energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food. • Heterotrophs • Organisms that get their energy requirements by consuming other organisms.

  17. Principles of Ecology Section 2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem • Detritivores are organisms that eat fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem, and return nutrients to the soil, air, and water where the nutrients can be reused by organisms. • Watch the Brain POP: Food Chains • Cool Classroom demo: http://coolclassroom.org/cool_windows/home.html

  18. Principles of Ecology Section 2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow • Food chains and food webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem. • Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. Model Ecosystems

  19. Principles of Ecology Section 2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Food Chains • A food chain is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

  20. Principles of Ecology Section 2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Food Webs • A food web is a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.

  21. Identify: • Producers: • Primary Consumers • Secondary consumers • Tertiary Consumers • Quaternary (Top) Consumer

  22. Principles of Ecology Section 2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem-Watch the BP: Energy Pyramids Ecological Pyramids • A diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an organism

  23. Energy Pyramids • Draw an energy pyramid for the food web you constructed in your notebook

  24. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter Cycles in the Biosphere • The cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves both matter in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering.

  25. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter The Water Cycle

  26. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter-the Water Cycle-watch the Brain POP on water cycle and add the diagram and notes to your EOC notebook Sources of water: oceans, clouds, lakes, plants, animals, rivers, groundwater Processes: Evaporation- liquid to a gas (involves heat) Condensation-gas to liquid Transpiration-evaporation from plants Infiltration- water soaks into rock/soil Precipitation-rain/snow/sleet, etc

  27. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter-Carbon/Oxygen Cycle-watch the Brain POP on Carbon Cycle and add the diagram and notes to your EOC notebook

  28. Carbon Cycle Sources: animals, respiration, burning fossil fuels, decaying of plants/animals, ocean (carbon sink) Uses: plants use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis Processes: combustion, respiration, photosynthesis, diffusion, deposition

  29. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter • Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules essential for life. • Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms.

  30. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter Long-term Cycle • Organic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon) • Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen)-released during weathering of rock Short-term Cycle • Burning fossil fuels (carbon)

  31. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter The Nitrogen Cycle • The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation.

  32. Principles of Ecology Section 3

  33. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter • Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil. • Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen.

  34. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter • Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways: • Animals urinate. • Organisms die. • Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds. • Denitrification

  35. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter The Phosphorus Cycle

  36. Principles of Ecology Section 3

  37. Principles of Ecology Section 3 Cycling of Matter Short-term Cycle • Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and then from the producers to consumers. Long-term Cycle • Weathering or erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle.

  38. Principles of Ecology Chapter Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice connected.mcgraw-hill.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

  39. Principles of Ecology A B C D Chapter CDQ 1 Chapter Diagnostic Questions The act of one organism consuming another organism for food is _______. predation parasitism commensalism mutualism

  40. Principles of Ecology A B C D Chapter CDQ 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Identify how energy flows through an ecosystem in a typical food chain. from an autotroph to a heterotroph from a heterotroph to an autotroph from a carnivore to an herbivore from an omnivore to an herbivore

  41. Principles of Ecology A B C D Chapter CDQ 3 Chapter Diagnostic Questions What is a chemical substance that an organism must obtain from its environment to survive? biomass energy matter nutrient

  42. Principles of Ecology A B C D Chapter FQ 1 Section 1 Formative Questions Which are biotic factors in a forest environment? plants and microscopic living organisms pH and salt concentration of the soil sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients temperature, air currents and rainfall

  43. Principles of Ecology A B C D Chapter FQ 2 Section 1 Formative Questions What is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time? ecosystem habitat biological community biotic collection

  44. Principles of Ecology A B C D Chapter FQ 3 Section 1 Formative Questions Which defines habitat? all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem an area where an organism lives an area in which various species interact the role or position that an organism has

  45. Principles of Ecology A B C D Chapter FQ 4 Section 2 Formative Questions What type of organism is the foundation of all ecosystems? autotroph herbivore heterotroph decomposer

  46. Principles of Ecology Chapter FQ 5 Section 2 Formative Questions How do detritivores obtain their energy in an ecosystem? They feed on fragments of dead plants and animals They feed on organisms by releasing digestive enzymes. They get energy from inorganic substances to make food. They use chlorophyll to capture energy from the sun.

  47. Principles of Ecology A B C D Chapter FQ 6 Section 2 Formative Questions Which type of organism exists at all trophic levels except the first trophic level? carnivores herbivores autotrophs heterotrophs

  48. Principles of Ecology A B C D Chapter FQ 7 Section 3 Formative Questions What type of organism returns nutrients to an ecosystem? decomposer primary producer secondary producer top level consumer

  49. Principles of Ecology A B C D Chapter FQ 8 Section 3 Formative Questions What type of scientist studies water found underground, in the atmosphere, and on the surface of the earth? biochemist ecologist geologist hydrologist

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