1. As a result of the 1800 presidential election results,

1. 1. As a result of the 1800 presidential election results, • A constitutional amendment set up separate electoral votes for president and vice-president. • Hamilton's economic program was dismantled. • John Adams joined the Republican Party. • The Federalist Party gained power. • 2. In the video, Professor Joseph Ellis observes that the creation of political parties allows • the elite to control elections. • political dissent to coexist without violence. • minority groups to gain political leverage. • incumbent politicians to maintain their offices.

2. George WashingtonPresident of the Constitutional Convention; First President of the United States, 1789-1797

3. Hamiltonian Economics: The National Debt • Alexander Hamilton • Secretary of Treasury • Report on Public Credit (1790) • Foreign debt paid promptly and fully $11 m • Domestic debt— $24 m x 2 government issue securities to debt holders that pay 4% interest

4. Hamiltonian Economics:The Bank and the Excise Tax • Bank of the United States • Handle government revenue and disbursements • Privately owned and controlled 1/5 – 4/5 • Taxes • Excise taxes: alcohol, tea, coffee, etc • Whiskey tax to set precedent of federal government imposing and collecting internal tax

5. “City of Magnificent Distances” • The Rise of Opposition • Madison led congressional opposition to Hamilton’s proposals • Jefferson joins Madison’s opposition • Compromise reached: • In exchange for accepting Hamilton’s proposals on debt • permanent capital of the United States would be located on the Potomac River

6. Americans and the French Revolution • Americans sympathetic to French Revolution • Jeffersonian Republicanism • Grateful for French help in American revolution • Washington declares American neutrality • U.S. commerce and financial health depended on good relations with Great Britain • Jefferson and Madison lead French sympathizers

7. Citizen Genêt • Edmond Charles Genêt • Ignored neutrality of the U.S. • British Orders in Council • Engaged in overt and covert acts of war

8. Western Troubles • Shawnee attack frontier settlers • “Mad” Anthony Wayne and the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) • Whiskey Rebellion • George Washington orders militia troops against Whiskey Rebellion

9. The Jay Treaty • Jay’s Treaty • British agree to abandon forts on U.S. soil • U.S. grants Britain Most-Favored-Nation trading status • Nothing said of impressment or other British violations • New England and port cities for it • South opposed • Pinckney Treaty • Thomas Pinckney • Favorable Florida border • Americans can use Mississippi River and port of New Orleans

10. Washington’s Farewell Set 2-term limit Secured U.S. control of West Farewell address warnings “entangling alliances” “factions” Democratic Republicans

11. The Election of 1796 • John Adams, Federalist candidate • Thomas Jefferson, Democratic Republican candidate • John Adams won Presidency • Thomas Jefferson won Vice-Presidency

12. Troubles with France, 1796-1800 • France breaks off relations because of Jay’s Treaty • XYZ Affair • France vs. U.S. in the Caribbean

13. The Crisis at Home, 1798-1800 • Federal property tax • Alien and Sedition Acts • Alien • Extend naturalization • Detain • Deport • Sedition • William Duane of the Philadelphia Aurora • Matthew Lyon republican congressman • Both Jailed • Virginia and Kentucky Resolves

14. The Politicians and the Army • Federalists implemented request that Congress create standing army • Damages Federalist position • Many believe Federalist using war with France to impose their rule and destroy opposition • Alien and Sedition Acts • Federalist military buildup

15. Video Question Time!

16. 1. As a result of the 1800 presidential election results, • A constitutional amendment set up separate electoral votes for president and vice-president. • Hamilton's economic program was dismantled. • John Adams joined the Republican Party. • The Federalist Party gained power. • 2. In the video, Professor Joseph Ellis observes that the creation of political parties allows • the elite to control elections. • political dissent to coexist without violence. • minority groups to gain political leverage. • incumbent politicians to maintain their offices.

19. The Jeffersonians in Power:The Republican Program • Plea for unity, “we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” • Jefferson’s “wise and frugal government” • Simplified social tone of administration • Reduced size and expense of government • Substantial cuts in military

20. Louisiana • Purchase of Louisiana Territory from France, 1803 • New Orleans • Dilemma for Jefferson: • no constitutional power to buy the territory, but offer could not be refused • Jefferson easily reelected in 1804

21. Lewis & Clark Explore newly acquired land May 1804 Began St Louis along Missouri River Wintered in Mandan Village Toussaint Charbonneau Sacajawea November 1805 reached Pacific

23. Continuation of Shays Rebellion

24. Cosmopolitans versus Localists • Cosmopolitans • Urban classes, large scale farmers and planters, Continental Army officers • Aggressive trade policy, hard money, • Localists • Rural classes • Paper money and debt relief

25. Localists win most local debates • but speculators thrive • Cosmopolitans began to look beyond local to national stage • A national stage with problems. Congress – difficulties • Financial • Annual income $400,000 • Interest on debts $2.4 million • Foreign relations • Lack of protection for trade • Barbary Pirates

26. Jay-Gardoqui Treaty • John Jay • Access to Spanish colonies in exchange for closing Mississippi to US shipping • North for • South Against • Washington – Potomac River • Annapolis's meeting • Plan for Philadelphia

27. Constitutional Convention Constitutional Convention meets in Philadelphia May 1787 In attendance are delegates from all states, except Rhode Island 74 Delegates Only 3 attended Stamp Act Congress 8 signed declaration ½ continental congress 22 served in continental army Many unknown

28. Shift of the guard of America • Personified by Hamilton

29. Key issues at convention • Question of power • Congress needs power to • Tax in states • Regulate trade • Issue money • Maintain national armed forces

30. Key issues at convention II • Ensuring liberty rather than tyranny through checks and balances (Separation of Powers) • Meant to ensure cooperation - often leads to gridlock • Virginia and New Jersey Plan • Compromise • New Congress to have two chambers • different electoral methods

31. Key issues at convention III • Strong executive • Question of representation of southern states • 3/5 clause • protection of slave trade until 1808 • Establishment of Supreme Court • power to strike down federal and state laws

32. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1787

33. Passing the Constitution • Needed to be ratified by 9 of the 13 states • Heated debate over ratification • Competing sides known as • Federalists and Anti - federalists

34. ‘Federalists’ supported the Constitution as it stood • Principal figure James Madison • No problem with a powerful central government • constitution had sufficient checks and balances to prevent abuses.

35. ‘Anti-federalists’ • Principal figures Sam Adams & Patrick Henry • More powerful States • strong federal government was dangerous. • Stressed need for rights to be built into constitution

36. Votes close in several states • constitution ratified when New Hampshire voted for acceptance in June 1788

37. Bill of Rights • Constitution silent on issues of rights • ammunition to Anti-Federalists • Several states ratified on understanding that bill of rights would be passed amending the constitution

38. Bill of Rights, passed 25th Sept 1789, ratified 15th Dec 1791 • I • Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, • or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, • or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, • and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. • II • A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. • X • The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, • nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, • or to the people.

39. George WashingtonPresident of the Constitutional Convention; First President of the United States, 1789-1797

40. Bank of the United States • Vital to have stable and reliable currency. • Pound remains in circulation for many years while new currency gets established. • Bank of the United States chartered 1791 • established paper money, and controlled the minting of coins. • New currency termed the dollar • slang term in use throughout colonies for Pieces of Eight (widely circulated) • Dollar Sign ($) comes from union of P and S (abbreviation for Peso)

41. Jeffersonian Republicanism • Jefferson believed in wider political participation • especially among middle classes • Women to have greater role • virtuous republic - ideologies of republican motherhood • greater stress on public education, and charitable activity with a reforming purpose. • Emphasis on small government, and personal responsibility.

42. New Territory • New USA is significantly larger than boundaries of former colonies • Creates two problems • 1: what to do with new territories in terms of white settlement. • Solution: all unorganized territory belongs to Federal Government. • First new trans-appalachian states • Kentucky (1792) and Tennessee (1796)

43. Second problem is what to do about Indians

44. Indian Problem Treaty of Paris gave USA control over most lands east of Mississippi River Problem: lands really under control of some powerful Indian tribes Treaties signed at Fort Stanwix NY (1784) and Hopewell SC (1786) between federal government and Indian representatives, problem – were the Indian signatories really representative? Resistance to these treaties met with military force of the US army

45. Northwest Ordinances (1784-7) organizes much of the old Northwest • Ohio Company set out to settle this territory • led to war with Miami, Shawnee and Delaware tribes • Major defeats inflicted against US army 1791 • US victory at Fallen Timbers 1794 was decisive • Treaty of Greenville (1795) sets trend that USA has to treat with Indians for land. • Louisiana Purchase doubles size of USA, brings many more tribes under white rule • New space - new approach

46. America’s relationship with France • Ally in Revolutionary War vs Great Britain • Outbreak of French Revolution 1789 initially welcomed in USA • concerns due to terror and violence • not virtuous republicanism like in USA

47. France tries to get US to honour 1778 alliance and join war vs Great Britain • US refuses • economic links with GB too important • By 1798 French seizing US ships – undeclared war at sea.

48. America’s Relationship with Great Britain • Close cultural, linguistic and economic ties • biggest trading partner • Britain sees itself as superior & more powerful than USA • still smarting over Revolution. • Problems over European trade and impressments of American sailors during Napoleonic wars • leads to war of 1812 • Washington steps down 1796

49. 1. As a result of the 1800 presidential election results, • A constitutional amendment set up separate electoral votes for president and vice-president. • Hamilton's economic program was dismantled. • John Adams joined the Republican Party. • The Federalist Party gained power. • 2. In the video, Professor Joseph Ellis observes that the creation of political parties allows • the elite to control elections. • political dissent to coexist without violence. • minority groups to gain political leverage. • incumbent politicians to maintain their offices.