Types of “Change”

1. Types of “Change” Developmental Change & Adaptation Evolutionary Change & Adaptation

2. Types of “Change” Developmental Change & Adaptation Evolutionary Change & Adaptation

3. Changes during a lifetime Development: are physical changes that occur during an individual’s lifetime  they result from ‘growth’ or the natural ‘aging’ process  cosmetic alterations and accidental scars are non-inheritable changes Advanced Age Newborn Adult

4. Changes during a lifetime Development: an organism body proportions develop over a period of years In human, a 3.4 kg infant gradually transforms into a 65 kg adult in 15 – 20 years  Differences in growth is aided by sex hormones  Male: Androgens (e.g. broad shoulders) Female: Estrogens

5. Changes during a lifetime Development: changes in body size and proportions support stability & mobility  brain cells die to refine connectivity; smaller yet more rational adult brain  the head and neck’s size control the location of center of gravity; thus stability  the hip’s sizeaffects body rotation during walking & running; thus mobility/speed Newborn Adult

6. Changes during a lifetime Adaptation: (mostly) behavioural changes that occur during an organism’s lifetime  they are part of the ‘learning’ process; to survive and/or live in comfort  memory is non-inheritable, that is why every newborn has to be ‘educated’ grooming or socializing exploring or using tool swinging (commuting) examining unfamiliar food source washing food caring for offsprings

7. Changes between generations Evolutionary Change: when inheritable traits of a species population are different  i.e. When an individual obtain a derived (new) trait due to random mutation AND this trait is favourable for it survival. Because this trait is favourable, the individual survivesandreproduces. The trait therefore gets passed down to the next generation and next. This results in more individuals of the same species having this trait. So when you compare the before-having-the-trait & after-having-the-trait populations of this species, they are different! Flower population generations after Original flower population Trait helps pollinate faster

8. ReviewChanges between generations Evolutionary Adaptation: when a mutation is favoured by the environment  Mutations produce heritable changes in individuals, called derived (new) trait. 1. This trait can be harmfulto the individual in a given environment leading to the loss of trait within the species population (gene pool) Trait colour cannot be recognized, so no pollination 2. This trait can be neutral to the individual in a given environment leading to a sustenance of the trait within the species population, but with low frequency (a low number has it) Infrequent pollination 3. This trait can be favourable to the individual in a given environment leading to a spreading of the trait via reproduction within the species population (high frequency) Trait colour attracts bees effectively so lots of pollination