Understanding DNA, RNA, Mutations, and Cancer

1. DNA structureMutations & Cancer

2. DNA and RNA • DNA= __________________________ • RNA= __________________________ • DNA and RNA are called Nucleic acids: Nucleic because: _______________________ Acids: ________________________________

3. DNA and RNA • Proteins break down to ______________ • Nucleic acids break down to ______________ • Proteins and nucleic acids are ____________ • Amino acids and nucleotides are ___________

4. DNA and RNA • Nucleotides have 3 components: • __________________ • __________________ • ___________________

5. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA Sugar: Ribose Bases: ____________________________________________________________ • Sugar: Deoxyribose • Bases: ____________________________________________________

6. Types of bases: purines and pyrimidines

7. Types of sugar: Ribose and deoxyribose

8. Nucleotides

9. Nucleotides DNA RNA ATP ______ CTP ______ Or NTP • dATP • ______ • dGTP • ______ • Or dNTP

10. DNA structure DNA backbone= blue Composition????

11. DNA structure Backbone:__________________________________ Variable region:______________

12. DNA Summary • Sugar: _______________ • Bases: _______________ • Backbone: _______________ • Variable: _______________ • DNA is double stranded (2 strands) A=T C=G

13. DNA vs. RNA

14. RNA summary • Sugar: _______________ • Bases: _______________ • Backbone: _______________ • Variable: _______________ • RNA is single-stranded

15. Human genome

16. Human genome • The double stranded DNA is wrapped around special proteins called_______________ • Histones pack together in on multiple levels • The most packaged form of DNA is called _______________

17. Human genome • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes: • 22 pairs of _______________ • 1 pair of _______________ • Humans are DIPLOID- carry a pair for each chromosome (a maternal chromosome and a paternal one)

18. Karyotype ________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. Function of DNA • DNA contains ________ that code for proteins • But how much of it is actually coding sequences?

20. Composition of our genome

21. Function of DNA

22. Function of DNA • Sequence of bases is very unique for each gene. • The bases are read __ at a time • The sequence codes for a specific protein

23. Mutations • Mutation= ________________________________ • Mutations can be inherited (from parents) or acquired (smoking, sunlight)

24. Mutations types: • 1. substitution (point mutation) : ________________________________ -Transition- purine  purine - Pyrimidine pyrimidine -Transversion- purine  pyrimidine - Pyrimidine purine

25. Mutation types: Remember: Purines are A and G Pyrimidines are C U and T

26. Mutation types: • 2. Insertion/ deletions: ___________________________________

27. Causes of mutations: • Errors in DNA replication (during the S phase) • ______________ • X-rays • Environmental toxins • __________________ • Asbestos • Mutations can be _____________

28. Mutations: Good or bad? • Mutations are good: Lead to genetic variability, key driver to evolution • Mutations are bad: Cause many diseases such as CANCER

29. Cancer • Disease that is characterized by uncontrolled excessive cellular proliferation. • Mainly caused by mutations • Controlling genes lose their function

30. Genes and cancer ___________________ _____________________ Genes that prevent cancer progression ex: genes for the cell cycle checkpoints When they are inactivated due to mutation, cancer will progress • Genes that code for regular proteins, • If they are over-activated due to mutation, they become oncogenes • Oncogenes lead to cancer progression