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The Role of International Organizations in Nuclear Regulation Daniel Yerkes Yerkes.dan@gmail

The Role of International Organizations in Nuclear Regulation Daniel Yerkes Yerkes.dan@gmail.com. Outline. Goals of Nuclear Energy Regulation Development of Nuclear Power Early Attempts at International Organizations UNAEC The IAEA Purpose NUSS Effect on national regulatory regimes

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The Role of International Organizations in Nuclear Regulation Daniel Yerkes Yerkes.dan@gmail

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  1. The Role of International Organizations in Nuclear Regulation Daniel Yerkes Yerkes.dan@gmail.com

  2. Outline • Goals of Nuclear Energy Regulation • Development of Nuclear Power • Early Attempts at International Organizations • UNAEC • The IAEA • Purpose • NUSS • Effect on national regulatory regimes • Effect of Chernobyl on International Regulation • Resurgence of Nuclear Power • Problems for New Entrants • Moving Forward

  3. Basis for Nuclear Regulation VS

  4. Discovery of nuclear power • July 16, 1945 – first test of atomic bomb • August 6, 1945 – bombing of Hiroshima • December 20, 1951 – electricity first generated by nuclear test reactor • June 27, 1954 – first grid connected power plant J. Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, and Ernest Lawrence (courtesy the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  5. The unaec • Created under the United Nations in 1945 • Became ineffective and ceased activity in 1949 • Based on the general idea of a central hub to help control atomic energy activities that became successful in later years under other international organizations

  6. Enter the IAEA and nea • IAEA • Established July 29, 1957 • Headquarters in Vienna, Austria • 151 member states • NEA • Established February 1, 1958 • 29 member states, including: • Austria, France, Japan, Slovakia, Australia, Germany, South Korea, Spain, Belgium, Greece, Luxembourg, Sweden, Canada, Hungary, Mexico, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Iceland, Netherlands, Turkey, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, United Kingdom, Finland, Italy, Portugal, United States, and Poland

  7. IAEA basics STATUTE OF THE IAEA Article II: Objectives “The agency shall seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. It shall ensure, so far as it is able, that assistance provided by it or at its request or under it supervision or control is not used in such a way as to further any military purpose.” Safety knowledge domains at the IAEA

  8. The nuclear safety standard

  9. Site evaluation • Where should we put our new plant? • Does it matter? • What should be considered? Map of nuclear power plant locations.

  10. Plant design and operation • Power Reactor Information System (PRIS): • Since 1970, the IAEA has been collecting and publishing data about the world’s nuclear power plants • Data computerized in 1980 • Covers two kinds of data: • General and design information on power reactors, and • Information about operating experience with nuclear power plants.

  11. Radiation protection • Effects of radiation exposure on the human body: • Doses lower than 100 rems • Usually have no immediate harmful effects • Doses above 100 rems • Nausea • Vomiting • Headache • Some loss of white blood cells • Doses over 300 rems • Hair loss • More significant internal harm • Damage to nerve cells • Severe white blood cell loss • Reduced production of blood platelets • Long term effect of exposure: • Leukemia, lung cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, and cancers of other organs

  12. Radioactive waste management • Common sources of radioactive waste: • Nuclear fuel cycle • Nuclear weapons decommissioning • Medical waste • Industrial waste • Proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository: • Deep geological respository • Located in Nevanda

  13. Transportation of radioactive material • Develop, maintain and deliver tools which promote the application of transport standards through identification of the effectiveness of application • Support application of transport standards in Member States through the effective interaction with Member States and external bodies

  14. Assessment and verification • Assessment • Performed by designers or operators • Verification • Performed by separate body

  15. Influence of IAEA at national level Ultimately, the standards issued by the IAEA are recommendations. The IAEA standards are in part meant to be used in assisting Member States to develop their own regulatory regime regarding nuclear power.

  16. Reaction to chernobyl • The Accident • Result of a flawed reactor design and inadequately trained personnel • Resulted in the death of 31 operators and firemen within three months • 28 people died as a result of acute radiation sickness within the first few months Damaged Chernobyl unit 4 reactor building

  17. Resurgence of nuclear power Nuclear energy has received increased interest in recent years due to concerns over the environment, energy security, and economics.

  18. Problems for new entrants

  19. Moving forward How to deal with increased interest in countries that may not be prepared for a nuclear power industry? How to ensure safety, security, and non-proliferation in an age where more and more nations, who are not a party to the major international organizations, are interested in the development of nuclear power

  20. Thank you And Happy Holidays

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