Understanding Circuit Theorems and Principles

1. Chapter 4 Circuit Theorems SJTU

2. Linearity Property • Linearity is the property of an element describing a linear relationship between cause and effect. • A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly ( or directly proportional) to its input. SJTU

3. Fig. 4.4 For Example 4.2 SJTU

4. Superposition(1) • The superposition principle states that voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents through) that element due to each independent source acting alone. SJTU

5. Superposition(2) • Steps to Apply Superposition Principle: • Turn off all independent source except one source. Find the output(voltage or current) due to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis. • Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources. • Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independent sources. SJTU

6. SJTU

7. Fig. 4.6 For Example 4.3 SJTU

8. Source Transformation(1) • A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source Vs in series with a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa. Vs=isR or is=Vs/R SJTU

9. Source Transformation(2) • It also applies to dependent sources: SJTU

10. Fig. 4.17 for Example, find out Vo SJTU

11. So, we get vo=3.2V SJTU

12. 2A 2A 6V 7 Example: find out I (use source transformation ) I SJTU

13. Substitution Theorem        I1=2A, I2=1A, I3=1A, V3=8V I1=2A, I2=1A, I3=1A, V3=8V I1=2A, I2=1A, I3=1A, V3=8V SJTU

14. Substitution Theorem • If the voltage across and current through any branch of a dc bilateral network are known, this branch can be replaced by any combination of elements that will maintain the same voltage across and current through the chosen branch. SJTU

15. OR Substitution Theorem SJTU

16. Thevenin’s Theorem • A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source Vth in series with a resistor Rth, where Vth is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and Rth is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent source are turned off. SJTU

17. c d (a) original circuit, (b) the Thevenin equivalent circuit SJTU

18. Simple Proof by figures + V=Voc-RoI SJTU

19. Thevenin’s Theorem • Consider 2 cases in finding Rth: • Case 1 If the network has no dependent sources, just turn off all independent sources, calculate the equivalent resistance of those resistors left. • Case 2 If the network has dependent sources, there are two methods to get Rth: SJTU

20. Thevenin’s Theorem • Case 2 If the network has dependent sources, there are two methods to get Rth: • Turn off all the independent sources, apply a voltage source v0 (or current source i0) at terminals a and b and determine the resulting current i0 (or resulting voltage v0), then Rth= v0/ i0 SJTU

21. Thevenin’s Theorem • Case 2 If the network has dependent sources, there are two methods to get Rth: 2. Calculate the open-circuit voltage Voc and short-circuit current Isc at the terminal of the original circuit, then Rth=Voc/Isc Rth=Voc/Isc SJTU

22. Examples SJTU

23. Norton’s Theorem • A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN, where IN is the short-circuit current through the terminals and RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off. SJTU

24. N (c) d (a) Original circuit, (b) Norton equivalent circuit SJTU

25. Examples SJTU

26. RL Maximum Power Transfer Replacing the original network by its Thevenin equivalent, then the power delivered to the load is a b SJTU

27. We can confirm that is the maximum power by showing that Power delivered to the load as a function of RL SJTU

28. Maximum Power Transfer(several questions) • If the load RL is invariable, and RTh is variable, then what should RTh be to make RL get maximum power? • If using Norton equivalent to replace the original circuit, under what condition does the maximum transfer occur? • Is it true that the efficiency of the power transfer is always 50% when the maximum power transfer occurs? SJTU

29. Examples SJTU

30. Tellegen Theorem • If there are b branches in a lumped circuit, and the voltage uk, current ik of each branch apply passive sign convention, then we have SJTU

31. Inference of Tellegen Theorem • If two lumped circuits and have the same topological graph with b branches, and the voltage, current of each branch apply passive sign convention, then we havenot only SJTU

32. Example SJTU

33. 2  6  2  6  3  3  Reciprocity Theorem SJTU

34. Reciprocity Theorem(only applicable to reciprocity networks) • Case 1 The current in any branch of a network, due to a single voltage source E anywhere else in the network, will equal the current through the branch in which the source was originally located if the source is placed in the branch in which the current I was originally measured. SJTU

35. Reciprocity Theorem(only applicable to reciprocity networks) Case 2 SJTU

36. Reciprocity Theorem(only applicable to reciprocity networks) Case 3 SJTU

37. example SJTU

38. Source Transfer • Voltage source transfer An isolate voltage source can then be transferred to a voltage source in series with a resistor. SJTU

39. Source Transfer • Current source transfer Examples SJTU

40. Linearity Property Superposition Source Transformation Substitution Theorem Thevenin’s Theorem Norton’s Theorem Maximum Power Transfer Tellegen Theorem Inference of Tellegen Theorem Reciprocity Theorem Source Transfer Summary SJTU