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English accents

Explore the transformation of English accents over time, from the retention of certain sounds in specific regions to the loss of phonemes in various dialects. Discover how pronunciation shifts have shaped accents in different parts of England, Scotland, Wales, and beyond.

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English accents

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  1. English accents 6. Historical change (i)

  2. final [g] after [ŋ] compare sɪŋg ˈsɪŋgɪŋg ˈsɪŋgə ˈfɪŋgə [g] retained in northwest England, lost elsewhere

  3. the sound [x] loch lɒx, lɒk The phoneme /x/ remains in Scottish English but has disappeared from English English Bach bɑːx, bɑːk (German [bax]) …though sometimes used in foreign words

  4. loss of [x] x → f cough, rough, laugh… high, bough, daughter… x → zero Loughborough ˈlʌfbərə x → θ Keighley Greenhalgh x → ʃ

  5. long mid mergers pane peːn pain peɪn fall together late leːt eight eɪt toe toː tow toʊ fall together nose noːz knows noʊz distinction remains in parts of Wales and the north of England

  6. long mid diphthonging face feːs  feɪs day deɪ goat goːt  goʊt ( gəʊt) monophthongs remain in parts of the north of England, and in Wales, Scotland and Ireland; also in the Caribbean, and in Indian and African English

  7. FOOT-STRUT split put pʊt cut kʊt  kʌt full fʊl dull dʊl dʌl Except in the north of England, /ʊ/ and /ʌ/ have become separate phonemes

  8. typical southern system (6 vowels) typical northern system (5 vowels) strong short vowel systems ɪ ʊ e ʌ æ ɒ ɪ ʊ ɛ TRAP a ɒ LOT KIT FOOT KIT FOOT-STRUT DRESS STRUT DRESS TRAP LOT

  9. NURSEmerger serve sɛrv  sɝːv ( sɜːv) curve kʊrv  kʌrv  kɝːv ( kɜːv) These vowels remain distinct in Scottish and some Irish English pearl pɛrl  pɝːl curl kʊrl  kɝːl

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