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In this chapter we describe a general process for designing a control system.

This chapter introduces the process of designing control systems, tracing historical examples from ancient Greece to modern engineering practices. It discusses the concept of a design gap and the iterative nature of control system design to meet specifications. Key topics include open-loop and closed-loop systems, multivariable control, historical developments, and future trends. The text examines modern applications in various fields and provides examples of control systems in automobile steering. It also explores the future of control system design through electric ship concepts and aircraft carrier advancements.

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In this chapter we describe a general process for designing a control system.

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  1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Control Systems Objectives In this chapter we describe a general process for designing a control system. A control system consisting of interconnected components is designed to achieve a desired purpose. To understand the purpose of a control system, it is useful to examine examples of control systems through the course of history. These early systems incorporated many of the same ideas of feedback that are in use today. Modern control engineering practice includes the use of control design strategies for improving manufacturing processes, the efficiency of energy use, advanced automobile control, including rapid transit, among others. We also discuss the notion of a design gap. The gap exists between the complex physical system under investigation and the model used in the control system synthesis. The iterative nature of design allows us to handle the design gap effectively while accomplishing necessary tradeoffs in complexity, performance, and cost in order to meet the design specifications.

  2. Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and output relationship represents the cause-and-effect relationship of the process. Introduction System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose. Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired response.

  3. Introduction Open-Loop Control Systems utilize a controller or control actuator to obtain the desired response. Closed-Loop Control Systems utilizes feedback to compare the actual output to the desired output response. Multivariable Control System

  4. History Greece (BC) – Float regulator mechanism Holland (16th Century)– Temperature regulator Watt’s Flyball Governor (18th century)

  5. History Water-level float regulator

  6. History

  7. History 18th Century James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed control of asteam engine. 1920s Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships. 1930s Nyquist developed a method for analyzing the stability of controlled systems 1940s Frequency response methods made it possible to design linear closed-loop control systems 1950s Root-locus method due to Evans was fully developed 1960s State space methods, optimal control, adaptive control and 1980s Learning controls are begun to investigated and developed. Present and on-going research fields. Recent application of modern control theory includes such non-engineering systems such as biological, biomedical, economic and socio-economic systems ???????????????????????????????????

  8. Examples of Modern Control Systems (a) Automobile steering control system. (b) The driver uses the difference between the actual and the desired direction of travel to generate a controlled adjustment of the steering wheel. (c) Typical direction-of-travel response.

  9. Examples of Modern Control Systems

  10. Examples of Modern Control Systems

  11. Examples of Modern Control Systems

  12. Examples of Modern Control Systems

  13. Examples of Modern Control Systems

  14. Examples of Modern Control Systems

  15. Examples of Modern Control Systems

  16. Examples of Modern Control Systems

  17. The Future of Control Systems

  18. The Future of Control Systems

  19. Control System Design

  20. Design Example

  21. Main Power Distribution Propulsion Motor Prime Mover Motor Drive Generator Power Conversion Module Ship Service Power Design Example ELECTRIC SHIP CONCEPT Vision Electrically Reconfigurable Ship All Electric Ship Integrated Power System • Technology Insertion • Warfighting Capabilities Increasing Affordability and Military Capability • Reduced manning • Automation • Eliminate auxiliary systems (steam, hydraulics, compressed air) • Electric Drive • Reduce # of Prime Movers • Fuel savings • Reduced maintenance

  22. Design Example CVN(X) FUTURE AIRCRAFT CARRIER

  23. Design Example EMALS

  24. Design Example

  25. Design Example

  26. Design Example

  27. Design Example

  28. Design Example

  29. Design Example

  30. Sequential Design Example

  31. Sequential Design Example

  32. Mistakes Challenger Tacoma Bridge

  33. References, and Resources http://www.ieeecss.org/siteindex/SITEindex.html http://www-control.eng.cam.ac.uk/extras/Virtual_Library/Control_VL.html

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