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dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat Institute of Administrative Studies University of Wrocław

Nature of organizations. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat Institute of Administrative Studies University of Wrocław. How to study effectively?. B E T T E R. Nature of organizations. Why study organizations?

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dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat Institute of Administrative Studies University of Wrocław

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  1. Nature of organizations dr. hab. Jerzy SupernatInstitute of Administrative StudiesUniversity of Wrocław

  2. How to studyeffectively?

  3. B E T T E R

  4. Nature of organizations • Why study organizations? Organizations are a dominant component of con-temporary society. We have become a society of organizations: • organizations surround us • we are born in organizations and usually die in them • our life space in between is filled with organizations • organizations are as inevitable as death and taxes Organizations have absorbed society. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  5. Organizations have outcomes: • for individuals • for categories of individuals • for communities • for society

  6. Nature of organizations • Not everything • (and it is good!) • is organizational • our feelings and emotions are our own, even though they are in part shaped by our organizational experiences • our family relationships are not organizational as well dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  7. Nature of organizations The definition of organizations Ricky W. Griffin: An organization is a group of people working together in a structured and coordinated fashion to achieve a set of goals. All organizations, regardless of whether they are large or small, profit-seeking or not-for-profit, domestic or multi-national, use some combination of human, financial, phy-sical and information resources to achieve their goals. These resources are generally obtained from the organi-zation’s environment. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  8. Nature of organizations Richard H. Hall, Pamela S. Tolbert: An organization is a collectivity with a relatively identifi-able boundary, a normative order (rules), ranks of autho-rity (hierarchy), communications systems, and member-ship coordinating systems (procedures); this collectivity exists on a relatively continuous basis, in environments, and engages in activities that are usually related to a set of goals; the activities have outcomes for organizational members, for the organization itself, and for society. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  9. Nature of organizations Tadeusz Kotarbiński,The ABC of Practica-lity, transl. Adam Szpaderski, Olsztyn 2006: The word „organisation” may be used in at least three different ways: either as the name of an object possessing some system, or as the name of this very system of the object itself, id est a system of relations con- necting mutually its parts and these parts with a whole,or finally, as the act which consists in giving a similarly understood system to the object, in other words, the name of the act of organising. As a matter of fact, every complex object possesses some system, so it is an orga-nisation in the primary meaning of the word […]. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  10. Nature of organizations • Pojęcie organizacji • znaczenie czynnościowe (czynność organizowania, czyli organizowanie) • znaczenie rzeczowe (rzecz zorganizowana, w szczegól-ności złożona z ludzi, wspólnych celów i zasobów) • znaczenie atrybutowe (cecha rzeczy, ale i procesu, po-legająca na tym, że składniki rzeczy lub procesu współ-przyczyniają się do powodzenia całości) dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  11. Nature of organizations Why do we have organizations? • organizations do things that individuals cannot do by themselves • organizations do almost everything that is done in the contemporary society to get things done dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  12. Nature of organizations New forms of organizations • networks of organizations an example: European CompetitionNetwork • virtual organizations an example: International Competition Network ICN ICN dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  13. Organizations and individuals • individual as an employee • new forms of employment • individual as a customer or a client • economic dimensions of employment • social dimensions in organizations • changes in organizations

  14. Nature of organizations Nick Halping: dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  15. Nature of organizations • Categories of individuals • The especially important categories of individuals are: • gender • age • race • ethnicity • disability • religion • education and skills • weight (excessive weight) • addictions • sexual orientation dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  16. Nature of organizations Glass ceiling U.S. Department of Labor, 1991: Artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in their organization into management-level po-sitions. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  17. Nature of organizations Non-sexual harassment – mobbing Kodeks pracy Art. 933 § 1. Pracodawca jest obowiązany przeciwdziałać mobbin-gowi. § 2. Mobbing oznacza działania lub zachowania dotyczące pracownika lub skierowane przeciwko pracownikowi, pole-gające na uporczywym i długotrwałym nękaniu lub zastra-szaniu pracownika, wywołujące u niego zaniżoną ocenę przydatności zawodowej, powodujące lub mające na celu poniżenie lub ośmieszenie pracownika, izolowanie go lub wyeliminowanie z zespołu współpracowników. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  18. Nature of organizations Sexual harassment • unwanted non-verbal attention • offensive language • unwanted physical contact of a sexual nature • socialization or date requests • sexual propositions that did not involve threats or promises • sexual propositions involving promises of positive job-related consequences • sexual propositions involving threats of adverse job-related consequences • sexual assault dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  19. Nature of organizations Sexual harassment Pierwsza sprawa sądowa związana z molestowaniem seksualnym miała miejsce w USA w 1976 r. Wcześniej termin sexual harassment nie pojawiał się nawet w mediach. Prawdziwym przełomem było głośne wydarzenie z 1991 r., kiedy A.F. Hill oskarżyła nominowanego na stanowisko sędziego Sądu Najwyższego USA C. Thomasa o napa-stowanie seksualne w latach 80., kiedy był jej przełożonym w Komisji ds. Równouprawnienia w Zatrudnieniu (The Equal Employment Op-portunity Commission): A.F. Hill charged that C. Thomas harassed her with inappropriate discussion of sexual acts and pornographic films after she rebuffed his invitations to date her. Z drugiej strony jeden z pierwszych przypadków molestowania seksu-alnego został opisany już w Księdze Rodzaju: chodziło o Józefa za-rządzającego majątkiem Potyfara i szantażowanego seksualnie przez jego żonę, zob. Pierwsza Księga Mojżeszowa, 39, 1-20. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  20. Nature of organizations Sexual harassment W Polsce Kodeks pracy zakazuje w art. 183a między innymi dyskryminowania pracowników ze względu na płeć, do którego zalicza: „każde nieakceptowane zachowanie o charakterze seksual-nym lub odnoszące się do płci pracownika, którego celem lub skutkiem jest naruszenie godności lub poniżenie albo upokorzenie pracownika; na zachowanie to mogą się skła-dać fizyczne, werbalne lub pozawerbalne elementy (mole-stowanie seksualne)”. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  21. Nature of organizations No Irish Need Apply by John F. Poole, 1862 I'm a decent boy just landed From the town of Ballyfad; I want a situation, yes, And want it very bad. I have seen employment advertised, "It's just the thing," says I, "But the dirty spalpeen ended with 'No Irish Need Apply.' „ "Whoa," says I, "that's an insult, But to get the place I'll try," So I went to see the blackguard With his "No Irish Need Apply." Some do count it a misfortune To be christened Pat or Dan, But to me it is an honor To be born an Irishman. I started out to find the house, I got it mighty soon; There I found the old chap seated, He was reading the Tribune. I told him what I came for, When he in a rage did fly, "No!" he says, "You are a Paddy, And no Irish need apply." (…) dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  22. Nature of organizations Organizations and communities Organizations have a direct and dramatic impact on the local communities. What is important under these circumstances is the degree to which organizations encourage their managers to participate in community affairs. Mission of GKN Automotive Driveline Division, August 1997: Our mission is to (…) contribute positively to the communities in which we operate. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  23. Nature of organizations Biedniejsze rynki nie chcą małych aut. Carlos Ghosn. Z prezesem Nissan/Renault rozmawia Danuta Wale-wska, „Rzeczpospolita”, nr 59 z 10 marca 2008 r. DW: Renault zainwestował miliard dolarów w Rosji. Jakie ma pan pla-ny związane z tym krajem? CG: Mamy fabrykę pod Moskwą, drugą teraz budujemy pod Sankt Pe-tersburgiem. Kupiliśmy także 25 proc. plus jedną akcję zakładu To-gliatti, gdzie będą produkowane na początku wyłacznie Łady […] DW: Togliatti to fabryka-miasto, jedyny pracodawca. Czy zdaje pan sobie sprawę, że kupił pan fabrykę razem z drużyną hokejową, zorga-nizowaną przestępczością, całym bagażem problemów społecznych? Czy ma pan już program rewitalizacji tego miasta? CG: Kupiliśmy tylko jedną czwartą fabryki i mam nadzieję, że nie wią-żą się z tym zobowiązania dotyczące zarządzania miastem. Jesteśmy gotowi pomóc w unowocześnieniu produkcji platform, skrzyni biegów, w rozwiązywaniu kłopotów z jakością, ale odpowiedzialność za miasto pozostawiamy władzom. dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  24. Organizations and society If organizations have important outcomes for individuals and communities, it is obvious that they have important outcomes for the wider society or environment in which they are embedded. It must be stressed that relationship between organizations and society (their environment) is a reciprocal one.

  25. Harmful organizational impacts • normal accidents • criminal acts • coercing to crimes • facilitating crimes • use of cheap labor in the third world countries • contributing to obesity in society • harmful outcomes produced by public organizations

  26. Nature of organizations • Disasters experienced by organizations (corporate tragedies) • Johnson & Johnson and product tampering in 1982 • Procter & Gamble ( ) and accusations (in 1994 and 1999) of financing the Church of Satan • McDonald’s and accusations of cutting down rain forests in the Amazon river basin dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  27. Objawienie św. Jana; 13, 18, zdanie trzecie: A liczba jego jest sześćset sześćdziesiąt sześć.

  28. Nature of organizations • Organizations and social change • internal change and the social change • the organization as a change agent • organizations as resisters to change dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  29. Nature of organizations The case of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union – WCTU WCTU dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

  30. debauchery – rozpusta ruin – ruina misery – nędza despair – rozpacz death – śmierć poverty – ubóstwo disgrace – hańba madness – szaleństwo disease – choroba damnation – potępienie

  31. Not only daddy is in there… Please pay your attention to the text at the bottom of the poster.

  32. American federal agents pour out alcoholic beverages („intoxicating liquor”) during prohibition (1920-1933). No person […] shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor [...].

  33. Poster calling to vote YES in national referendum for prohibition of intoxicating beverages in Sweden held on the 27th of August 1922.

  34. Concluding remark Organization can never be a substitute for initiative and for judgment. Louis D. Brandeis (1856-1941) dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

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