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Explore the fascinating geography of Ancient Rome – from its strategic location near the Mediterranean Sea to the Apennine Mountains and the Tiber River, discover how these natural features shaped the rise and fall of the Roman Empire.
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Ms. Mohamed/History - 6th Grade Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome - Geography • Rome was located in modern day Italy when it was founded, but has since expanded. • The city was built on land near the Mediterranean Sea. • The Roman Empire eventually grew and ran all over Europe, and it was a very great power.
Ancient Rome - Geography • Rome itself was built on several hills of volcanic origins, the most notable of which is the Palatine. • The hills themselves were (are) largely made up of tufa rock, a sort of hardened rocky sponge. • This type of material was found in many of the large buildings the Romans built over time.
Ancient Rome - Geography Rome at it’s height This is Rome at it’s height. It went through what is today Spain, France, Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Gibraltar, Britain, Germany, Iraq, and Syria.
Ancient Rome - Geography Rome today This is a map of just Italy, Corsica, and Sardinia, with Rome right on the west side, the city center being 12 miles inland from the Tyrrhenian Sea. Tarentum is likely a port town in the south of Italy.
Ancient Rome - Geography • Italy is divided into East and West by the Apennine Mountains. • The Apennines run 830 miles from the Alps from Northern Italy to Sicily. • Other hills included the Capitoline and the Aventine. • The Tiber River’s alluvial plains created rich soil for farming, quarries for mining and enough water for Rome’s people to live. • The city of Rome was only 12 miles inland from the nearest sea.
Ancient Rome - Geography • The Apennines changed life in many ways. • For one, cultural life depended on which side you were on. • Another thing to take note of is the fact that they provided a huge defense for Italy, so if one side was attacked, the other side could mount their defense, so they could expect an enemy.
Ancient Rome - Geography • The main advantages of settling are that there is a lot of water at the Tiber River. • The disadvantage is settling near a Volcano. • In 79 AD, Mt. Vesuvius erupted, burying Pompeii under tons of ash and volcanic soot.
Rome was located in Italy This includes islands and peninsula in southern Europe. It was in the land near the Mediterranean Sea. WHERE WAS ROME LOCATED IN ???
Rome is now called “the eternal city”. The capitol city in Italy is Rome Modern rome
Time Period • Rome was at its highest in 100ce by 500 the western half of the empire collapsed. • There were many problems that caused this, but here are the main reasons, Rome never figured out how to be peacefully transfer political power to a new capable leader. • Whenever an emperor died, rivals often fought each other for the emperors crown. • Sometimes they didn’t wait an emperor to die, they usually murdered them.
Time Period • After 180ce had a series of bad and dishonest emperors. • Along with unstable emperors, Rome had to finance their huge armies. • As a result, citizens had to pay heavy taxes. • These taxes drove many people to poverty.
Government Style • In the early days, Rome was a monarchy. • A monarchy is a government where one person inherits power. • Then, it was overthrown in 508 BC, and replaced by a republic. • The main officials of Rome were consuls and there were 2 of them in office at one time. • The consuls were in office for one year, and if they didn’t live up to expectations, they could be replaced at the next election.
Government Style • Therefore competence was rewarded and impertinence was punished. • The consuls were advised by the Senate, which had 600 men! • They were all rich and very noble. • The republic became an empire in 27 BC, with Augustus as emperor.
Notorious Romans • Gaius Marius organized the army into a very powerful fighting machine. • Julius Caesar conquered Gaul (France) in a fabulous campaign, led expeditions into The United Kingdom and Germany, and dictated Rome. • Augustus (not Ms. Augustus!) was the first emperor of Rome, his real name was Octavian but the people called him Augustus. • He was a very impressive ruler.
Notorious Romans • Nero came to power when his Mom murdered his Stepdad, the Emperor himself (The murdered Emperor’s name was Claudius). • He sang as Rome burned down in The Great Fire of Rome. • He blamed the Christians for it and threw them into Lion Dens.
Notorious Romans • Under Justinian, the eastern empire had a last hurrah. • He reconquered most of the empire, Rome included. • He created the Justinian Code. The Aya Sophia, his greatest creation, still stands in Istanbul, Turkey. • Trajan was a ruler who conquered Dacia, just north of the Danube River. He was notorious for wisdom and dignity. • He even set up an imperial fund for poor people!
Roman Justice must be done! • Constantine was the first Christian emperor. He reunited the empire, which was now divided. • He moved the capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinopolis. • In the Christian churches he is known as St. Constantine, and he is known to the average person as “Constantine the Great”. • The basis of Roman law was the exact form of words or of actions produced legal consequences.
Roman Justice must be done! • An example states that a Roman can make a will as he wished, but must leave 25% of his property to his children or else the will was invalid. • In the 6th Century, Justinian made the Justinian Code, collectively named Corpus Juris Civilis. • Roman legal procedures formed the basis for modern law procedures. • There were 3 major law codes.
Roman Justice must be done! • The first one, the Law of the 12 Tables protected plebeians from patrician’s abuse of power. • Plebeian means “commoner” and patrician is basically “upper class”. • The second one made the formulary system. • It was two-sided, with one side defining issues and another deciding cases. • The third law was the cognitioextraordinaria, which was made during the post-Classical period.
Rome vs. Athens • Rome voted for their leaders. • Greece had a more direct democracy. • Originally kings ruled Athens, then an oligarchy, and then a democracy. • City states formed groups that came to conflict and weakening it. • This led to conquering by Macedonians and Romans.
Rome vs. Athens • Rome was also governed by kings at first. Rome eliminated them. • Soon a very mixed form of republic was established, using a little bit of everything. • In time, rule by a single being returned in the form of an Empire. • Eventually the Western Empire reverted to small monarchies.
Rome v. Athens • An oligarchy is rule by a certain few patricians. • The oligarchy was the second way of government to be tried out by the Greeks, and much different from the next step in Roman Government, a republic. • A democracy means rulers are elected by the citizens, which was also in Greece, but never introduced to Rome. • And just for purposes of clarification, a monarchy means one person inherits power.
Trading social classes • The role it had was selling goods to others. • The major things they would sell were beef, corn, glassware, iron, leather, olive oil,, purple dye, silver, spices and wine. • Rome was based on social classes and the patricians had more rights since they made the laws
Slavery civilization • Slavery was still part of Rome's civilization because without them there wouldn't be segregation. • Slavery was not based on your race it was based on your social class. • Roman slavery was not permanent because after a period of time they would freed them. • It depended on how the structure was built.
Rome: Religion • Romans believed in Greek mythology. • Greek mythology is the belief in gods and goddesses. • The origin of this religion was Greek. • Rome evolved into a republic and was powerful.
Rome: Religion • The major religious leaders of Rome were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Arielis. • Nerva was in his sixties when he came in to power. His rein lasted AD 30-AD 98. • Hadrian was a roman emperor from 117 to 138 AD. • Trajon was one of the greatest emperors. • He ruled from 98 AD till his death in 117 AD. • Antonius Pius was a roman emperor from 138-161 AD. • Marcus Aruelius was also an emperor. • He ruled from 161-169.
Why was Roman Writing Used • It was used to communicate ideas to the Romans. • It was used to document events, and teach lessons to children. • Roman Writing’s descendants are not few in number. • French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish descended out of Latin. • Even our alphabet is an alteration of the Roman one (some letters were added in, “W” was one of these)! • Presently, Roman Numerals are still used
Technology innovation • The innovation they made in Rome were the following: • They changed their newspaper and let public start using them. They made their change in 59 B.C. • The also change their way in reading instead of using tablets to read they started to print on paper in books
The Writings of Rome! • Writing was originally chiseled into stones. • The first Roman Document was the Lapis Niger, said to be Romulus’ tombstone. • The Romans invented the Codex (defined as a “block of wood, book”), an ancient form of a book. It replaced the ancient scrolls. • The alphabet used by the Romans consisted only of capital (uppercase).
Now for a little comparison! A model of Etruscan letters “A”, “K”, “E”, and “Z” The (E) train Roman Numerals I V X L C D M English Numbers 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
Arts role • Art played a important role back then and now. • Art was in many things in sculptures, buildings, and so much more. • Even when the empire extended their was still art.
Need The Textual? Etruscan Current • 21 Characters • K, Y, and Z only used for Greek names • J and V were vowels • 26 Characters • K, Y, and Z used on a much more regular basis • J and V are consonants
Ancient rome civilization • Romans greatly admired pottery, painting, and sculptures. • Greek architecture was an important influence on the Romans. • Romans used Greek designs in their own buildings. • Over time they learned how to use concrete to make larger structures. • Art from Rome can inform us about how they built their homes or, how they evolved.
