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AP Biology

AP Biology . Pay for your AP EXAM by April 5 BEGIN STUDYING FOR AP EXAM!. Ecology Unit Chapter 52-56. Biosphere - This is the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscape How regional exchange influences the distributions across biosphere. Landscape Ecology .

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AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology Pay for your AP EXAM by April 5 BEGIN STUDYING FOR AP EXAM!

  2. Ecology Unit Chapter 52-56 Biosphere - • This is the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems and landscape • How regional exchange influences the distributions across biosphere

  3. Landscape Ecology • Focuses on the factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems • Focuses on factors controlling exchanges of energy and materials along multiple ecosystems

  4. Ecosystem • The community of organisms in the area and the physical factors with which the organisms interact. • Emphasis on energy flow and chemical cycling

  5. Community • A group of populations of different species in an area • Interactions between species – and how that affects community structure

  6. Population Ecology • Group of individuals of the same species in the same area • Factors that affect population size, how and why populations change over time

  7. Organismal Ecology • How an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment

  8. How large bodies of water and mountains affect climate Abiotic factors – nonliving factors, chemicals, temperature, light, water, nutrients, Biotic factors – living factors, other organisms

  9. Biomes Biomes – major life zone classifications characterized by vegetation type and physical environment

  10. Distribution of Species Dispersal – movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density

  11. Chapter 53 Population – group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area Density - # of individuals (volume) Dispersion – pattern spacing of individuals

  12. Analysis – Hector’s dolphins • Mark- recapture method • Capture, tag, release random sample • Second capture • Sample 1: s • Sample 2: n • Marked: x • Pop. Size N • N=

  13. Problem • First sampling: 180 • Second sampling: 44 • 7 had already been tagged • What's the population size?

  14. Immigration VsEmmigration

  15. Demography Study of population statistics, and how populations change over time

  16. Life tables

  17. Survivorship curves

  18. Exponential growth N = population size t = time ∆N = change in population size ∆t = time interval B = births D = deaths K = carrying capacity rmax = max growth rate per capita

  19. dN  rmaxN dt

  20. (K  N) dN  rmax N dt K Logistic growth

  21. Life history patterns K – selection R – selection

  22. AP Bio Finish Ecology Activity Prepare for exam! 

  23. Population Density • Density independent factors • A factor that may restrict population growth regardless of the current population • Natural disasters • Drought • Density dependent factors • A factor that depends upon the current population • Competition • Predation • Disease (crowding of individuals)

  24. Stability and Fluctuation

  25. Population Cycles

  26. Age Structure

  27. Global Carrying Capacity • Estimates of carrying capacity • Habitable land • Limiting factors (food, water, etc) • Ecological footprint

  28. Chapter 54 • Interspecific interactions • Interspecific competition (-/-) • Herbivory (+/-) • Predation (+/-) • Cryptic coloration (camouflage) • Aposematic coloration (warning coloration) • Batesian mimicry – a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful one • Mullerian mimicry – 2 unpalatable or harmful species resemble each other

  29. Symbiosis Parasitism (+/-) Commensalism (+/o) Mutualism (+/+) Facilitation (+/+) (+/o)

  30. Trophic Structures

  31. Species with Large Impact • Dominant species • The most abundant or that collectively have the highest biomass in the area. • Hypothesis is they are competitively superior • Hypothesis they resist avoiding predation

  32. Species with a Large Impact • Keystone species • Not abundant in a community • Exert a strong control in a community not because of #, but because of their ecological roles

  33. Example: • Sea otter • Sea otters feed on sea urchins • Sea urchins feed on kelp • Orcas now prey on sea otters (usual prey has declined)

  34. Keystone species Sea star Muscles Species diversity

  35. Which is the keystone species?

  36. Ecological Succession Primary succession – first organisms to colonize an area

  37. Ecological Succession Secondary Succession

  38. Ecological Succession Secondary Succession

  39. Chapter 55 Law of conservation of mass Mass is conserved – we can determine how much of a chemical element cycles within an ecosystem or is gained or lost by the ecosystem over time

  40. Energy budgets Gross primary production – amount of light converted into chemical energy Net primary production – GPP – energy used by primary producers NPP = GPP – Ra

  41. Production efficiency

  42. Production Efficiency

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