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Depleted Uranium (DU)

Depleted Uranium (DU). Herkomst [ Civiele en ] Militaire Toepassingen. Kernketen. uraniumverrijking. Verrijking van het splijtbare isotoop U235 in natuurlijk uranium Meest gebruikt: ultracentrifuge en gasdiffusie Uranium hexafluoride (UF 6 ) of Hex Produ c t: verrijkt uranium (LEU)

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Depleted Uranium (DU)

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  1. Depleted Uranium (DU) Herkomst [Civiele en] Militaire Toepassingen

  2. Kernketen

  3. uraniumverrijking • Verrijking van het splijtbare isotoop U235 in natuurlijk uranium • Meest gebruikt: ultracentrifuge en gasdiffusie • Uranium hexafluoride (UF6) of Hex • Product: verrijkt uranium (LEU) • Bijproduct: verarmd uranium (DU)

  4. ultracentrifuge A schematic diagram of thecross section of a single gas centrifuge. The rotating cylinder forces the heavier U-238 atoms towards the outside of the centrifuge while leaving the lighter U-235 more towards the middle.

  5. Uranium

  6. DUF6

  7. DUF6 Storage in Siberia

  8. SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS CHEMICAL FORMS OF DU, OF TRU WASTE, AND OF TYPICAL URANIUM ORE WITH 0.2% NATURAL URANIUM BY WEIGHT

  9. World DU Inventory

  10. Gebruik DU-metaal • Civiele Toepassingen • Militaire Toepassingen Hoge dichtheid: 19.05 g/cm3 Bijna twee maal zo hoog als die van lood

  11. Civiel gebruik Contragewichten / Balansgewichten vliegtuigen, zeilboten, vorkheftrucks, kranen Gewichten olieboren, gyroscooprotoren Bouwmateriaal soort beton: DUcrete Beschermingsplaten tegen Röntgenstraling Vaatwanden van vaten voor KSA / hoog actief afval

  12. Militair gebruik • Antitankgranaten gevechtstoestellen / -voertuigen: 25mm, 30mm MBT tanks: 105mm, 120mm, 125mm • Gemonteerd in bepantsering van pantservoertuigen / tanks

  13. M1A1 Tank

  14. Challenger Tank

  15. Leclerc Tank

  16. Kinetic Energy Penetrator [1] • Dwarsdoorsnede van een 120mm antitankgranaat

  17. Kinetic Energy Penetrator [2] • In vlucht naar een gepantserd doel, waarbij de ‘sabot’ verloren gaat

  18. Bradley Fighting Vehicle

  19. LAV-25

  20. Harrier AV-8B

  21. A-10 grondaanvalstoestel A-10 toestel vuurt 30mm DU antitankgranaten op een tank

  22. DU Use in the Balkans Bosnia 1994/1995 (Sarajevo) 10,800 rounds (DoD, Jan 4, 2001) 2927 kg of DU Major focus: around Sarajevo Kosovo 1999 31,000 rounds (NATO, Feb 7, 2000) 8401 kg of DU Major focus: an area west of the Pec-Dakovica-Prizren highway, in the area surrounding Klina, in the area around Prizren and in an area to the north of a line joining Suva Reka and Urosevac

  23. DU Use in the Balkans (2) Southern Serbia Presevo 161 rounds (local reports, Dec 11, 2006) Cleanup operations costs: € 350,000 (Xinhua, Dec 12, 2006) Borovac 44 DU rounds (AP Dec. 13, 2005) Bratoselce 100 kg of DU in soil; 2.5 tons of contaminated earth stored in the Vinca institute's facilities Cleanup costs: 15 million dinars (US$ 260,000). (Serbian Government Nov. 10, 2003) Montenegro Cape Arza on Lustica Peninsula 242 whole DU penetrators and 49 fragments (75 kg of uranium) were found and disposed of safely. Approximately 7 tons of contaminated material (aluminium jackets, soil, pieces of rocks, dead leaves and needles) were also removed. (IRPA 11, Madrid, Spain, 23-28 May 2004)

  24. Analyse DU-munitie Balkan • Sporen gevonden van U-236, Pu, Co-60, and Cs-137 in DU • Oorzaak: DU was van verrijkingsfabrieken, die gebruikt werden voor het verrijken van opgewerkt uranium

  25. DU Ammunition Used in the 1991 Gulf War

  26. Jefferson Proving Ground 1983 – 1994: 100,000 kg of DU penetrators Estimation cleanup costs: US$45 m -US$1.613 b Removal contaminated soil: US$1.365 b Off-site disposal: US$111 m Source: “Decommissioning Plan for License Sub-1435 - Jefferson Proving Ground [JPG], Madison, Indiana. Submitted by the U.S. Army's Soldier and Biological and Chemical Command to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), June, 2002

  27. Limit of DU-oxides intake US Nuclear Regulatory Commission: inhaling 10 mg can cause health problems The United Kingdom: 8 mg is harmful for workers in the nuclear industry more than 2 mg is unacceptable for the general public The WHO estimates: daily intake of 0.6 microgram per kilogram body weight (daily limit of 40 microgram for a person of 68 kg) For comparison: one 120mm DU antitank shell after impact on a hardtarget can disperse 950 gram of DU oxides and a 30mm one of an A-10 96 gram

  28. Pathways of DU in human body • schematic overviews are out of date • Important scientific research omitted on cell level: e.g. bystander effect

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