The urban traffic environment and the risk of child pedestrian injury: a case-crossover approach

1. The urban traffic environment and the risk of child pedestrian injury: a case-crossover approach Epidemiology March 1995, volume 6 number 2 學生：董瑩蟬

2. Purpose • This paper investigated child pedestrian’s accident at crossover approach. And quantify the effect of traffic volume and speed for the child pedestrian injury.

3. Reference • The child pedestrian has high injury rate for all accidents. (Rivara, 1990) • There were many injury occurred on the school-home for children. (Joly et a., 1991) • The previously study used the traffic volume and speed to investigate child injury on the weekday. (Roberts et al.,1994)

4. Method • Subjects • Age from 5 to 15 years • 151 injured and 148 agreed participated this study. • Data collect between January 1, 1992 and January 1, 1994 • They used interview collect children data with the parents.

5. Method • Measure bi-directional traffic volume and mean vehicle speed for all roads using vehicle. • Data collect over 3-hour on the school day starts. • They using the Mantel-Haenszel method. • Data compared the volume different and speed different that effect pedestrian and motor vehicle collision.

6. Result • The 148 agreed to participate in this study. • 46 cases were occurred on the school-home journey. • 31 boys and 15 girls • 33 children age less than 9 years, and 13 children age more than 9 years. • 16 were occurred on the way to school, and 30 to home.

7. Result • The high-volume streets crossed were mean more than 1000 vehicles per hour.

8. Result

9. Result • Between pedestrian injury risk and high traffic volume has strong associations, and the same result at high speed. • There were strong associations between pedestrian injury and both boy and girl. And the same result for older and younger.

10. Result • At high speed situation, there was 10.59 associated between the relative risk and high traffic volume. • At low speed situation, there was 3.55 associated between the relative risk and high traffic volume. • At high traffic volume situation, there was 4.19 associated between the relative risk and high vehicle speed. • At low traffic volume situation, there was 3.21 associated between the relative risk and high vehicle speed.

11. Discussion • This identification of environmental risk factors for child pedestrian injury. (Maclure, 1991) • Another study found that the strong risks for high traffic volume remained after stratification by vehicle speed. (Murtay et al.,1993)

12. Conclusion • The traffic volume and the vehicle may effect the children pedestrian injury risk. And the high vehicle speed and high traffic volume the associated with injury risk.