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Types of Claims

Types of Claims. Ji-Eun Park 9:00. Type 1: Fact. Statements about something real Correct or Incorrect Validity of the claim depends on the fact Make sure the support can refute your opponent’s claim Be sure elaborate on terms you use Can use past, present, or future Book example:

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Types of Claims

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  1. Types of Claims Ji-Eun Park 9:00

  2. Type 1: Fact • Statements about something real • Correct or Incorrect • Validity of the claim depends on the fact • Make sure the support can refute your opponent’s claim • Be sure elaborate on terms you use • Can use past, present, or future • Book example: • “Rainfall of 32.4 inches in 1997 was 4 inches above that for the previous year.” – Straight facts = hard to argue its validity • “Air travel is more dangerou today than it was five years ago.” – Easy to question its validity

  3. Type 1: Fact • More examples: • Prostitution in Japan • http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rhetoric/105H17/nnguyen/cof.html • By 1984 the number reached alarming levels and is still increasing. • Genetic Engineering • http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rhetoric/105H17/amoser/cof.html • Through this altering of genes crops can be produced that are safer for the consumer.

  4. Type 2: Value • Values are “judgments about the world that cannot be verified.” • This type makes judgments about good vs. bad, right vs. wrong, just vs. unjust, moral vs. immoral. • Applies to people, behavior, events, ideas, and policies • Works best when your audience has the same values as you • Book example: Thomas Paine said, “Liberty is more precious than life.” • “Capital punishment is morally wrong under any circumstance.” • Another example: Political statements: “Abortion is wrong.” “Universal health care is wrong.”

  5. Type 2: Value • 4 Types of Claims of Value: • Artistic: beautiful or ugly, good or bad taste • Moral: right or wrong, good or bad, just or unjust • Basis for laws • Political: important within the governmental structure • Disagreements between countries are because of different political values • Pragmatic: practical or impractical • Time efficiency, cost efficiency, practicality

  6. Type 3: Policy • Proposes actions the audience should take or make someone else complete the action • Often in persuasive speeches • Mostly accompanied by the other two claims because claims of policy requires support and reasoning • Appeal rationally or morally

  7. Type 3: Policy • Book example: “Stricter laws are needed to preserve the environment” – appeals morally • “School reform efforts have been successful” – appeals rationally when supported with evidence • More examples: • Warning labels should be placed on “high-heeled apparel boxes.” • http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rhetoric/105H16/copp/ads/adscopp.html

  8. Overlap of Claims • Types of claims rely on each other for support • Book example: • Claim of fact: “Safety has declined in the past five years as shown by an increase in near accidents, non-fatal accidents, and deteriorating equipment.” • Claim of value: “Safety is important to all of us, and the government has an obligation to guarantee travelers’ safety.” • Claim of policy: “Stricter controls on airlines are needed to increase safety.”

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