21st Century Aquaculture from empirical farming towards a knowledge-based biotechnology

1. 21st Century Aquaculturefrom empirical farming towards a knowledge-based biotechnology Patrick Sorgeloos Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center ARC alumni - September 17, 2009

2. FISH: source of proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, ...

4. Oceans are deserts • 60% of fishery resources over-fished or at risk ! from FAO

5. Fertilising and feeding carp ponds in China

7. polyculture chicken / fish farming

8. polyculture aqua / agriculture

9. Predictable availability of fry, fingerlings, postlarvae, seed, spores, ...

10. Overview of different phases in aquaculture productions wild wild wild wild eggs sperm embryos fry postlarvae seed broodstock spawners stocking ongrowing market larvae market selective breeding domestication

11. Asia, esp. China – long history large production Recent developments - successful new industry FOOD aquaculture BUSINESS aquaculture

12. biology technology profitability BUSINESS aquaculture

13. Aquaculture Systems: cages

14. Aquaculture Systems: ponds Courtesy Nutreco Photo Azim Courtesy Harache Photo Schneider

15. Aquaculture Systems: tanks Courtesy Harache

16. Aquaculture Systems: indoor systems Photo Schneider Photo Eding Photo Schrama Photo Schneider

17. World salmon production per country from FAO

18. Pangasius catfish in Vietnam > 1,000,000 tons/year

19. Pangasius farming in Vietnam surface area production yield

20. Taiwan Ecuador Pond farming of Penaeid shrimp

21. annual production yiels Chinese mitten crabEriocheir sinensis

22. Scallop farming Mussel farming

23. Red and brown algae farming in China

24. fish 30 mT (55% in value) molluscs 14 mT (15 % in value) crustaceans 4 mT (20% in value) seaweeds 14 mT (10% in value)

25. aquaculture production by species & environment Freshwater 27.8 Mt Marine 31.2 Mt Brackish 3.8Mt from FAO

26. Global Aquatic Production Total Fisheries Aquaculture 34.1% or 42.8 million ton in 2001 9.7% Human Consumption of Fish: 1990: 13 kg / person 2000: >16 kg / person 48 % in 2005 or >60 million ton

27. FAO, 2009

28. from FAO

29. Trade flows of aquatic products into Europe in US$ millions, c.i.f.; averages for 2004–06 Europe imports >60 % of its aquatic foodstuffs from FAO

30. “Aquaculture is probably the fastest growing food-producing sector, and currently accounts for almost 50% of the world’s food fish and is perceived as having the greatest potential to meet the growing demand for aquatic food.” “Given the projected population growth over the next two decades, it is estimated that by 2030 at least an additional 40 million tons/year of aquatic food will be required to maintain the current per caput consumption.”

31. INCREASED MARKET DEMAND stagnant capture fisheries environmental problems? human health risks? sustainable? more responsible farming ! INCREASED aquaculture production

32. Priorities for future aquaculture: from empiricial farming towards a knowledge-based bio-industry Aquaculture:the blue biotechnology of the future ?

33. Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry • better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets

34. Cobia Species selection, biodiversity issues, market demands, etc.

35. herbivorous species diversification highly recommended ! market demands ? ! health risks ?

36. Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry • better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets • complete independence from natural stocks through domestication

37. Overview of different phases in aquaculture productions wild wild wild wild eggs sperm embryos fry postlarvae seed broodstock spawners stocking ongrowing market larvae hatchery - algae - rotifers - artemia extensive intensive selective breeding domestication

38. Priorities for future aquaculture: from an empiricial towards a knowledge-based bio-industry • better targeted selection of species for either mass production or for niche markets • complete independence from natural stocks through domestication • development of more efficient stocks through selective breeding

39. wild stock genetic variation • disease resistance • growth rate • size / quality • feed conversion • fecundity • ease of domestication domesticated stock genetic improvement breeding objectives breeding program

40. annual production of 1 billion fry production cost 15 Euro cents a piece average survival 20 % by day 60 low survival = critical bottleneck for future cost efficiency and sustainability of the industry microbial interference considered to be the main culprit no selected breeds available yet Marine fish larviculture in the Mediterranean

41. disease free disease resistant Predictable & cost-effective availability of high-qualityfry, fingerlings, postlarvae, seed, spores, ... certified seed

42. Larviculture research Macrobrachium rosenbergii Turbot Penaeid shrimp Sea bass Oyster veliger Mud crab : Scylla spp.

43. The magic of the green-water technique direct food source light shading microbial control water quality conditioning trigger digestive system supply of micro-nutrients & immunostimulants

46. Need for innovative microbial management systems Heat-shock proteins Micro Algae /Feeds Feeds Pathogenic Pathogenic Quorum sensing Quorum sensing Antimicrobial Antimicrobial Probiotic bacteria Probiotic bacteria Immunostimulants Immunostimulants bacteria bacteria compounds analysis Peptides Peptides Gnotobiotic Gnotobiotic Gnotobiotic Gnotobiotic model Artemia Artemia test test Artemia systems system system system Qual/Quant Quantitative Biochemical Biochemical Host gene Host gene Performance Performance Fish and shellfish Fish and shellfish Fish and shellfish Fish and shellfish analysis of analysis of analysis analysis expression expression larvae validation larvae validation larvae validation larvae validation the bacterial the bacterial analysis analysis e.g. e.g. antimicrobial substances antimicrobial substances composition community Marker Marker genes genes

47. How to study host-microbial interactions? host host simplification MC environment known micro-organisms reality? complex gnotobiotic

48. Gnotobiotic sea bass test system to study host-microbial interactions Effect of light stress on survival of xenic sea bass larvae 120 110 dark 100 axenic light 90 80 70 dark urvival (%) 60 50 xenic 40 light s 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 time (day) Axenic sea bass larvae are not sensitive to light stress

49. UGent Aquaculture R&D Consortium(partners in the study of microbial management systems) • Faculty of Bioscience Engineering • Animal Production - P. Sorgeloos en P. Bossier Biochemical and Microbial Technology – W. Verstraete and N. Boon • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine • Morphology – W. Van den Broeck Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases – A. Decostere Virology, Parasitology and Immunology – H. Nauwynck • Faculty of Sciences • Biochemistry, Physiology and Microbiology – P. Vandamme and P. De VosBiology – D. Adriaens and W. Vijverman Molecular Genetics – D. Inzé, Frank Van Breusegem