Catalyst (12/13)

1. Catalyst (12/13) Where in the body are more microvilli found? Why? Kidney, intestines, nose, tastebuds—so the cell can absorb more of whatever substance (organs all involved in absorption) Where in the body are more cillia found? Why? Nose, ears, throat, fallopian tubes—clear things, move the egg past, ears—help feel sound waves (sound into a chemical signal)

2. AP Biology-Chapter 7 The Plasma Membrane

3. Plasma Membrane Functions • Be protective • Regulate transport in and out of cell or subcellular domain • Allow selective receptivity and signal transduction by providing transmembrane receptor that binds signaling molecules • Allow cell recognition • Provide anchoring sites for cytoskeletal filaments or components of the extracellular matrix • This allows the cell to maintain its shape and perhaps move to distant sites • Help compartmentalize subcellular domains • Regulate the fusion of the membrane with other membranes in the cell via specialized junctions • Provide passageway across the membrane for certain molecules

4. II. Membrane Model • Current Model: Fluid Mosaic Model • Brain child of Singer and Nicholson (1972) • Derived from a model proposed in the 1930s by Daffson and Danielli • Two layers of lipids that were coated with proteins • Fit the electron properties of membranes, but not all the details fit • Unable to account for all the things going into and out of the cell • Biggest problem was how their model would get polar molecules through—in their theory they would get stuck—but this is not what happens—especially with water (a polar molecule)

5. II. Membrane Model • Four components to the Fluid Mosaic Model • Phospholipidbilayer • Direct from Daffson and Danielli • 3 types of lipids • Phospholipids • Glycolipids • Cholesterol Phosphate “attracted to water” Fatty acid “repelled by water”

6. II. Membrane Model • Chunks of proteins that float IN the bilayer • New proposal

7. sugar H2O salt polar hydrophilic heads nonpolar hydrophobic tails impermeable to polar molecules polar hydrophilic heads lipids waste

8. II. Membrane Model • Molecules can move around • Both lipids and proteins • Lipid bilayer acts like a liquid crystal • Array of molecules arranged in some relation to each other, but they are not fixed in position • Hydrocarbon chains in constant motion, so molecules are free to rotate and can move laterally • Not a lot of movement from one layer to another and if they do there are enzymes called flipases and flopases that put them back to where they started. • Fluidity has 2 meanings • Movement of molecules within the liquid crystal arrangement • Motion of the fatty acid side chains of phospholipid.

9. II. Membrane Model • Lipid distribution on the two sides of the bilayer is asymmetric • Outside layer and inside layer are composed of different types of lipids

10. III. Membrane Structure • Phospholipidbilayer in which a variety of proteins are embedded. • Fluidity of fatty acids • Function of type of fatty acid—saturated vs. unsaturated. • If saturated, there are one or more double bonds. This makes the fatty acid rigid and bent (kinked) • Kinks require a lot of space between the phospholipids and this would make the bilayer unstable • Nature’s solution—usually have one of each, unsaturated and saturated on each phospholipid • This is sufficient to maintain the lipid bilayer without it being too packed to move around or too much room that it falls apart

11. III. Membrane Structure • Role of cholesterol in animal membranes • Provides support helping to maintain membrane • Reduces the permeability of membrane to many molecules • (e.g. some hormones—estrogens and testosterone will not cross membranes loaded with cholesterol) • Sits in the “crook” of the unsaturated fatty acid side chains • No or little cholesterol in the inner membrane

12. III. Membrane Structure • Two types of membrane proteins • Integral (or transmembrane) • Stick all or partway through the membrane • To stick in the interior of the membrane the protein must have a hydrophobic surface • This goes against what we learned about protein folding—hydrophillic exterior and hydrophobic interior! • Tightly associated with the lipid bilayer. Cell biologists can release them only by disrupting the cell membrane with detergents • Different forms • Extend all the way through—transmembrane proteins • Partially embedded—either sticking out the interior or exterior

13. Polar areas of protein Nonpolar areas of protein

14. III. Membrane Structure • Peripheral • Sit on the cytoplamsic face of a membrane, with no part sticking into the membrane • Easy to dislodge

15. Catalyst (12/17) Sketch a drawing of the plasma membrane. Be sure to include and label all components. ANNOUNCEMENTS: --cell analogy poster due TOMORROW --cell quiz (chpt 6) THURSDAY

16. III. Membrane Structure • Structure and function of membrane proteins • Channel proteins: allows a particular molecule or ion to cross the plasma membrane freely.

17. III. Membrane Structure • Carrier proteins: selectively interacts with a specific molecule or ion so that it can cross the membrane.

18. III. Membrane Structure • Cell recognition proteins: glycoproteins—a protein with a carbohydrate chain attached sticking above the membrane surface. • The carbohydrate chains of the glycoproteins combined with the carbohydrate chains of the glycolipids forms the glycocalyx. • The glycocalyx serves as the cell’s “fingerprint” • Mark the cell as belonging to a particular individual and tissue • Causes difficulties in organ transplants—patient’s cells do not recognize the glycocalyx fingerprint of the donor organ and therefore reject it.

19. III. Membrane Structure • Receptor protein: is shaped in such a way that a specific molecule can bind to it (signal transduction).

20. III. Membrane Structure • Enzymatic protein: catalyzes a specific reaction.

21. Many Functions of Membrane Proteins “Channel” Outside Plasma membrane Inside Transporter Enzymeactivity Cell surfacereceptor “Antigen” Cell adhesion Cell surface identity marker Attachment to thecytoskeleton

22. Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer Glycoprotein Glycolipid Transmembrane proteins Peripheral protein Filaments ofcytoskeleton Extracellular fluid Phospholipids Cholesterol Cytoplasm 1972, S.J. Singer & G. Nicolson proposed Fluid Mosaic Model

23. AP Biology-Chapter 7 Selective Permeability

24. I. The plasma membrane is semipermeable • The structure of the plasma membrane affects which types of molecules can freely pass through it. • Because the structure of the membrane is predominantly lipid, how lipid soluble a molecule is predominantly defines its ability to cross the membrane. • Small hydrophobic (nonpolar or non charged) molecules freely cross the membrane • Ions don’t freely cross the membrane. Charged=polar

25. I. The plasma membrane is semipermeable • The size of the molecule also influences its diffusibility, but the influence of size is secondary • Large uncharged or charged molecules do not freely cross the membrane • H20, which is polar but very small, does cross the membrane freely. Able to pass quickly through when fatty acid chains move momentarily out of the way. 1st –charge 2nd– size • Why H2O? • Is a dipole • Not high charge (like ions)—only slightly charged • Osmotic pressure

27. I. The plasma membrane is semipermeable The permeability of membranes to ions and large molecules is due mainly to the activity of specialized membrane proteins.

28. II. Molecules cross the plasma membrane in both passive and active ways • Passive transport • Two types • Diffusion: molecules move from higher to lower concentration (that is down their gradient) until they are distributed equally • Osmosis: the diffusion of H2O across a semipermeable membrane. (no energy needed) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics—universe tends toward disorder (entropy) Molecules move from HIGH to LOW concentration osmosis

29. II. Molecules cross the plasma membrane in both passive and active ways • Facilitated diffusion: a carrier (or channel) protein speed the rate at which a solute crosses the membrane in the direction of decreased concentration. The carrier protein undergoes a change in shape as I moves a solute across the membrane. Facillitated diffusion

30. II. Molecules cross the plasma membrane in both passive and active ways • Active transport • Three types • Carrier-mediated active transport: small molecules and ions move against their concentration gradient. Carrier protein AND energy needed. • Sodium-potassium pump: sodium out, potassium in (example of carrier mediated active transport) • 3 Na+ ions carried out for each 2 K+ ions carried in, therefore, the inside of the cell is negatively charged compared to the outside. (requires the use of energy—usually ATP)

31. Na+/K+ pump

32. II. Molecules cross the plasma membrane in both passive and active ways “out” “cell” • Exocytosis: vesicles, often formed by the ______________________ & carrying a specific molecule, fuse w/ the plasma membrane as secretion occurs. • Example: insulin is secreted into the blood stream by insulin-secreting cells through the process of exocytosis. golgi apparatus Where in the body does a lot of exocytosis happen?

33. Catalyst (12/17) Sketch a drawing of the plasma membrane. Be sure to include and label all components. ANNOUNCEMENTS: --cell analogy poster due TOMORROW --cell quiz (chpt 6) THURSDAY

34. II. Molecules cross the plasma membrane in both passive and active ways “in” “cell” • Endocytosis: cells take in substances by vesicle formation. A portion of the plasma membrane invaginates to surround the substance and then pinches off to form an intracellular vesicle • Two types • Phagocytosis: when the material to be taken in is large, such as a food particle or another cell (eg. Macrophages engulf bacteria or other pathogens and worn out cells) • Pinocytosis: occurs when vesicles form around a liquid or very small particle. (Occurs in blood cells, cells that line the kidney tubules, or intestinal wall and plant root cells) • Phagocytosis can be seen with the light microscope, but an electron microscope is needed to see the vesicles formed in pinocytosis. “cell eating” “cell drinking”

35. Hydrolytic enzymes Endocytosis and digestion of pathogen (bacteria)

36. Endocytosis and digestion of food particle

37. II. Molecules cross the plasma membrane in both passive and active ways • Receptor-mediate endocytosis: is a form of pinocytosis that allows cells to take up specific kinds of molecules and then sort them within the cell. • Ligand: a macromolecule that bind to a plasma membrane receptor • Coated pit: when ligands bind the their receptors this causes the receptors to gather in the “coated pit” that has a layer of a fibrous protein called clathrin. • Clathrin is a fibrous protein that coasts many vesicles that leave the golgi apparatus. It appears to aid in the formation of vesicles • The fate of the vesicle and ligand depends on the ligand. e.g. after hormones enter and act on the cell, the hormone (ligand), the receptors, and the vesicle fuse with a lysosome and are digested. e.g. when cholesterol enters the vesicle and receptors are recycled back to the plasma membrane Controlled by receptor proteins Hormone/vitamin

39. III. Diffusion across cell membrane • Cell membrane is the boundary between inside & outside… • separates cell from its environment Can it be an impenetrable boundary? NO! OUT waste ammonia salts CO2 H2O products IN food carbohydrates sugars, proteins amino acids lipids salts, O2,H2O OUT IN cell needs materials in & products or waste out

40. Catalyst (1/9) What do you already know about osmosis? Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

41. I. Osmosis: the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane • Passive transport • Depends on the concentration of solutes on each side of the membrane • Tonicity: • Hypertonic: higher concentration of solute molecules • Hypotonic: lower concentration of solute molecules • Isotonic: same concentration of solute molecules • NOTE: water moves from hypotonic to hypertonic solution (FIX THIS IN YOUR NOTES!!!!!!!) No energy needed (down gradient) “Above normal or over” “Below normal” “Same” or “equal”

42. Water Potential: a concept that helps to describe the tendency of water to move from one area to another, particularly into or out of cells. (ψ) • Water potential determines the rate and direction of osmosis • Is measured in units of pressure—kPa, MPa, bar

43. TWO FACTORS affect Water Potential • Solute Concentration • Pure water has a water potential of zero (ψ=0) • A solution will have a lower concentration of water molecules, so it will have a NEGATIVE water potential • Addition of solutes lowers the water potential • Pressure • In a plant cell, pressure exerted by the rigid cell wall that limits further water uptake (osmosis into the cell). • When a plant cell is fully inflated with water it is called turgid.

44. ψp • Pressure potential is important in plant cells because they are surrounded by a cell wall which, is strong and rigid. • When water enters a plant cell, its volume increases and the living part of the cell presses on the cell wall. • The cell wall gives very little and so pressure starts to build up inside the cell. • This has the tendency to stop more water entering the cell and also stops the cell from bursting. • When a plant cell is fully inflated with water, it is called turgid. • Pressure potential is called turgor pressure in plants) ψp ψp ψp

45. Water moves from a place of high water potential to a place of low water potential. • Equation given on AP Test • Water potential (Ψ)=ψp+ψs hypotonic hypertonic This is an open container, so the ψp= 0 This makes the ψ = ψs High water potential Low water potential The ψs=-0.23, so ψ is -0.23MPa, and water moves into the solution.

46. hypertonic hypertonic

47. Pressure (ΨP) (ΨS) Turgid!

48. No net movement 1 Isotonic A=B same 2 A hyper B hypo A is lower BA A hypo B hyper 3 B is lower AB