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MLAB 1415- Hematology Keri Brophy-Martinez

MLAB 1415- Hematology Keri Brophy-Martinez. Chapter 3 : Hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis Process of blood cell production, development and replacement. Formation and development usually occurs in the bone marrow. Purpose

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MLAB 1415- Hematology Keri Brophy-Martinez

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  1. MLAB 1415- HematologyKeri Brophy-Martinez Chapter 3 : Hematopoiesis

  2. Hematopoiesis • Hematopoiesis • Process of blood cell production, development and replacement. • Formation and development usually occurs in the bone marrow. • Purpose • Allows hematopoietic system to respond to stimuli such as infection, bleeding, or hypoxia by increasing production of cell line needed.

  3. Hematopoietic Precursor Cells

  4. Cell Growth Factors • Cytokines • Growth factors secreted by cells for the purpose of cell-to-cell communication • They stimulate the pluripotential stem cells to proliferate and differentiate. • GF’s must be present to “grow” hematopoietic precursor cells.

  5. Cytokines • Terminology of Cytokines • Colony Stimulating Factors or CSF • These regulate blood cell development. CSF’s are being synthetically manufactured to treat diseases. • Examples • G-CSF: Stimulate granulocyte production, Used to treat cancer and AIDS patients with low WBC. Trade name is Neupogen • GM-CSF - Stimulate granulocyte-macrophage production, Used to treat cancer patients with low WBC. Trade name is Leukine. • EPO - Stimulate erythrocyte production, Used to treat chronic anemia caused by renal failure, increase RBC prior to surgery which may cause blood loss, illegally by athletes to boost performance. Trade name is Epogen or Procrit. • Interleukins • Current nomenclature

  6. Review of Cell Morphology

  7. Cell Morphology • Cell Membrane • Outer boundary of the cell • Allows passage of nutrients, ions and information between cytoplasm and the exterior • Phospholipid bilayer

  8. Cell Membrane: Phospholipid Bi-layer

  9. Cell Morphology • Cytoplasm: Location of metabolic activities • Golgi complex: involved in formation of gamma globulins, lysosomes, specific granules and other cellular components. • Ribosomes: RNA, synthesize proteins • Endoplasmic reticulum: Communication system with the nucleus, smooth or rough • Mitochrondria: furnish cell with energy • Lysosomes: granules with hydrolytic enzymes. • Plasma membrane: 2 layers of phospholipids, surrounding cytoplasm

  10. Cell Morphology • Nucleus: • Chromatin • Dark staining chromosomal material composed of DNA and proteins. • DNA regulates all cellular functions • Nucleolus/Nucleoli • Pale staining patches rich in RNA • Parachromatin • Zones of pale staining material between chromatin clusters • Nuclear membrane • Double membrane which surrounds the nuclear contents.

  11. General Morphological Changes in Cell Maturation • Basophilic cytoplasm to less basophilic • Reduction in cell size • Condensation of nuclear chromatin

  12. Term:Nuclear to Cytoplasmic Ratio • N/C ratio: • Ratio of the size of the nucleus of a cell to the size of the cytoplasm • N/C ratio decreases with maturity as the nucleus decreases in size and the cytoplasm becomes more abundant • Immature “blast” cell has a large nucleus, small amount of cytoplasm. N/C ratio is high

  13. Lab Method: Wright’s Stain • Stain used to identify cells on blood smear • Eosin is acid stain - stains red • Methylene is basic stain - stains shades of blue Staining blue Staining red

  14. Cluster Designation (CD) • Cluster Designation (CD) nomenclature • Monoclonal antibodies specific to cell surface markers • Allows for the phenotypic characterization of cells in disease states • Applications • Flow cytometry • Cells labeled with monoclonal antibodies are sorted and enumerated to identify specific populations of cells. • Example • CD4 and CD8 • Markers for helper and cytotoxic T cells • Monitor progress of HIV infection

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