Integrating Multiple Texts

1. Integrating Multiple Texts How to properly attribute multiple sources both narratively and parenthetically

2. First Step: Create Works Cited • Create works cited (see OWL website) • So you know what the first word/s of the entry are, so you will know what gets included in the in-text citation • Bird, Big. “The Fluffy Feathers.” Sunny Skies 49.2 (2007): 45-54. Bird is the key for the in-text citation

3. Citing Periodicals (print first) • Typically they are articles in a scholarly journal • Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of JournalVolume.Issue (Year): pages. Medium of publication.

4. Works Cited From Our Book • A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection • Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows: • Lastname, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection. Ed. Editor's Name(s). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Page range of entry. Medium of Publication. • Russell, Cristine. “Climate Change: Now What?” The Rhetoric of Green. Ed. CSU Composition Program. US: Fountainhead Press, 2009. 118- 127. Print.

5. When to Cite Sources • Whenever you quote from a source. • When borrowing ideas/images from a source, even when you use your own words by paraphrasing or summarizing. • When you borrow factual information from a source that is not common knowledge.

6. The Basics of In-text Citations • As close as possible to the borrowed material (end-of-sentence) • Need two pieces of info: what source from (which will match the works cited) and page number (if available) • Two ways to achieve the transmission of this info: • Narrative in-text citation • Parenthetical in-text citation

7. Narrative in-text citations • Cite this way the first time you introduce a source • Attribution is done at the sentence level rather than in parenthesis • Page numbers must still appear in parenthesis • “One thing is clear,” writes Thomas Mallon, “plagiarism didn’t become a truly sore point with writers until they thought of writing as their trade […] Suddenly his capital and identity were at stake” (3-4).

8. Example Explicated • Author’s last name omitted in parenthesis because it appeared in the narrative. • Page numbers still in parenthetical • Ellipsis […] used when parts of the original quotation are left out.

9. First introduction to a source • use a narrative lead-in • Give the author’s full name and credentials • Current title/position, level of expertise, background • Boosts ethos • Once established, the last-name only is sufficient

10. List of Active Lead-in Phrases • Accepts • Acknowledges • Adds • Affirms • Agrees • Argues • Asserts • Believes • Cautions • Challenges • Claims • Comments • Confirms • Contends • Contradicts • Concedes • Declares • Denies • Describes • Disagrees • Discusses • Disputes • Emphasizes • Endorses • Explains

11. List of Active Lead-in Phrases • Grants • Highlights • Implies • Insists • Maintains • Negates • Notes • Observes • Outlines • Proposes • Refutes • Rejects • Reports • Responds • Shows • Suggests • Thinks • Urges • Verifies • Writes

12. Parenthetical In-text Citations • Short-hand publication info in parenthesis • The first word/s on works cited will appear in the parenthesis along with page number (exceptions will apply) • Yayayaya “yayayaya” yaya (Bird 48). • Notice: no comma between author and page number. • Notice: period comes at end

13. Example • From the very beginning of Sesame Street in 1969, kindergarten teachers discovered that incoming students who had watched the program already knew their ABCs (Chira 13).

14. Example Explicated • The parenthetical tells readers two things: • The info about Sesame Street came from somewhere other than the writer…in this case Chira. • The ideas came from page 13 in Chira’s work • The full bibliographic information appears on the Works Cited page at the end of the essay • Chira, Susan. “Sesame Street At 20: Taking Stock.” New York Times 15 Nov. 1989: 13.

15. When there is No Author • Some sources are anonymous • Cite the first word/words that appear on the Works Cited…typically the article title • Truncate the title if it is long to the first few key words • Include page number

16. Example of No Author (parenthetical) • The Works Cited entry is as follows: • “Getting Yours: A Publicity and Funding Primer for Nonprofit Organizations.” People 32.1 (2002): 3-12. • Example: Simply put, public relations is “doing good and getting credit” for it (“Getting Yours” 3).

17. Example of No Author (narratively) • The Works Cited entry is as follows: • “Getting Yours: A Publicity and Funding Primer for Nonprofit Organizations.” People 32.1 (2002): 3-12. Example: (assume the article has been previously introduced) According to “Getting Yours,” simply put, public relations is “doing good and getting credit” for it (3).

18. Multiple Authors • If source has more than one author, list them in the same order that appears on Works Cited • Ex: Herman, Brown, and Martel predict dramatic changes in the earth’s climate in the next 200 years.

19. No Page Numbers • Many internet cites don’t have page numbers; DO NOT NUMBER PAGES YOURSELF. • PDF files often have them, but HTML files don’t • Just list the author or title in the parenthetical.

20. Example without Page Numbers • It is now theoretically possible to recreate an identical creature from any animal or plant by using the DNA contained in the nucleus of any somatic cell (Thomas). • It is now theoretically possible, poses Thomas, to recreate an identical creature from any animal or plant by using the DNA contained in the nucleus of any somatic cell.

21. Final Thoughts • Balance the number of narrative citations and the number of parenthetical citations • Don’t sound like a broken record (ie: According to Bird…start of each sentence) • Be sure to cite everything borrowed • Be sure to cite correctly • Start with a works cited!