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PREAMBLE OF Electrical Machines and Automatic Control

PREAMBLE OF Electrical Machines and Automatic Control. PREAMBLE STRUCTURE HOLLISTIC FIX KEY CONCEPT KEY RESEARCH AREA KEY APPLICATION INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION RESEARCH HOW WE STUDY KEY JOBS PROJECTS ONE CAN DO TRENDS. INDEX. Introduction to the faculty.

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PREAMBLE OF Electrical Machines and Automatic Control

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  1. PREAMBLE OFElectrical Machines and Automatic Control

  2. PREAMBLE STRUCTURE • HOLLISTIC FIX • KEY CONCEPT • KEY RESEARCH AREA • KEY APPLICATION • INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION • RESEARCH • HOW WE STUDY • KEY JOBS • PROJECTS ONE CAN DO • TRENDS INDEX

  3. Introduction to the faculty. • Abhishek Tripathi • Electrical machines lab -109 • 9307857899 • gin_mun2002@yahoo.com • 2 p.m. to 3 p.m.

  4. PRE-REQUISITES • Basic knowledge of electrical engineering. • Kirchoff ‘s current law and voltage law. • Basic principle of transformer operation. • What is rotating magnetic field. • Synchronous machines. • Network theorems for dc sources. HOLLISTIC FIX OF E.M.A.C.

  5. HOLLISTIC FIX………Continued • PRE REQUISTES • (1st Semester) • Phasors for resistive , capacitive and inductive loads. • Star connection. • Delta connection. • Conversion of star into delta and vice versa • Types of transformer connections. • Open circuit and short circuit test. • Introduction to machines. • Concept of rotating magnetic field. • Basic concept of laplace transformation and Fourier transformation. • Knowledge of differential equations. • Knowledge of signal and systems.

  6. Scope of related fields. Automobile industry. Lathe machines. Robotics. Designs and layouts of a stable system. Thermal and mechanical processes. Power plant installations. Research and development of automobile industry like Maruti, Ford etc.

  7. TREE DIAGRAM OF EMAC ELECTRICAL MACHINES AC Machines DC machines SEPERATELY EXCITED SELF EXCITED INDUCTION MACHINES SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES Series ,shunt ,compound TRANSFORMER

  8. KEY CONCEPTS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS • Force voltage and Force current analogy. • Transfer functions. • Open and Closed loop control systems. • Signals ( step , ramp, impulse , periodic ). • Stability criteria.

  9. Synchronous Machines

  10. Synchronous Machines Synchronous generators or alternators are used to convert mechanical power derived from steam, gas, or hydraulic-turbine to ac electric power Synchronous generators are the primary source of electrical energy we consume today Large ac power networks rely almost exclusively on synchronous generators Synchronous motors are built in large units compare to induction motors (Induction motors are cheaper for smaller ratings) and used for constant speed industrial drives

  11. Construction Basic parts of a synchronous generator: Rotor - dc excited winding Stator - 3-phase winding in which the ac emf is generated The manner in which the active parts of a synchronous machine are cooled determines its overall physical size and structure

  12. d-axis Non-uniform air-gap N D»10m q-axis S S Turbine N Hydro (water) Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator • Most hydraulic turbines have to turn at low speeds (between 50 and 300 r/min) • A large number of poles are required on the rotor Hydrogenerator

  13. d-axis q-axis Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator D»1m Turbine L » 10 m Steam Stator winding • High speed • 3600 r/minÞ2-pole • 1800 r/minÞ4-pole î    Direct-conductor cooling (using hydrogen or water as coolant) î   Rating up to 2000 MVA N Uniform air-gap Stator Rotor winding Rotor S Turbogenerator

  14. Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator Stator Cylindrical rotor

  15. Operation Principle The rotor of the generator is driven by a prime-mover A dc current is flowing in the rotor winding which produces a rotating magnetic field within the machine The rotating magnetic field induces a three-phase voltage in the stator winding of the generator

  16. Armature winding in a a.c. machine

  17. Transformer and its winding construction.

  18. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A D.C. MOTOR

  19. DC Motor Characteristics The performance of dc motor can be judged from its characteristic curves known as motor characteristics. Following are the three important characteristics of a dc motor:- 1.Torque and Armature current characteristics (Ta/ Ia) 2.Speed and Armature current characteristics (N/Ia) 3.Speed and Torque current characteristics (N/Ta)

  20. Characteristics of shunt motors The field current Ish is constant since the field winding is directly connected to the supply voltage V which is assumed to be constant. Hence, the flux in a shunt motor is approximately constant. fig: connection diagram of fig-1 (Ta/ Ia) shunt motor

  21. (N/ Ia) & (N/Ta) Characteristics fig-2 (N/ Ia) fig-3 (N/Ta)

  22. Characteristics of series motors Note that current passing through the field winding is the same as that in the armature. If the mechanical load on the motor increases, the armature current also increases. Hence, the flux in a series motor increases with the increase in armature current and vice-versa. fig: connection diagram of series motor fig-1(Ta/ Ia)

  23. Comparison of three motors 1.The speed regulation of a shunt motor is better than that of a series motor. However the speed regulation of a cumulative compound motor lies between shunt and series motors. (fig-1) 2.For a given armature current, the starting torque of a series motor is more than that of a shunt motor. However, the starting torque of a cumulative compound motor lies between series and shunt motors. (fig-2) 3.Both shunt and cumulative compound motors have definite no load speed. However, a series motor has dangerously high speed at no load. (fig-3)

  24. Comparison of three motors fig-1 (N/Ia) fig-2 (Ta/Ia)

  25. Characteristics of cumulative compound motors The following fig shows the connection diagram of cumulative compound motor. Each pole carries a series as well as shunt field winding; the series field aiding the shunt field. fig: connection diagram fig-1 Ta/Ia

  26. SYSTEMS

  27. What is Control and Control System? • Control is the process of causing a system variable to conform to some desired value. • Manual control Automatic control (involving machines only—the topic in this course). • A Control system is an interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired system response. • Types of control – Open-loop control – Closed-loop (feedback) control * Indian Institute of Information Technology - Allahabad

  28. What is Control? Manual versus Automatic Control • Control is the process of causing a system variable (e.temperature, position) to conform to some desired value or trajectory, called reference value or trajectory • Example: driving a car implies controlling the vehicle to follow the desired path and arrive safely at a planned destination • If you drive the car yourself, you are performing a manual control of the car. If you design a machine (or use a computer) to do it, then you build an automatic control system Indian Institute of Information Technology - Allahabad

  29. Open-loop/Closed-loop Systems(Cont’d) • Open Loop • Closed-Loop (Feedback system) Indian Institute of Information Technology - Allahabad

  30. Example 1: Car and Driver • Objective function: To control the direction and speed of the car • Outputs: actual direction and speed of the car • Control inputs: road markings and speed signs • Disturbances: road surface and grade, wind, obstacles • Possible subsystems: the car alone, power steering system, braking system, . . . Indian Institute of Information Technology - Allahabad

  31. Example 1: Car and Driver Functional Block Diagram and Time Responses Indian Institute of Information Technology - Allahabad

  32. Example 2: Antenna Positioning Control System • Original system: the antenna with electric motor drive systems. • Control objective: To point the antenna in a desired reference direction. • Control inputs: Drive motor voltages. • Outputs: The elevation and azimuth of the antenna. • Disturbances: Wind, rain, snow. Indian Institute of Information Technology - Allahabad

  33. Example 2: Antenna Positioning Control System • Original system: the antenna with electric motor drive systems. • Control objective: To point the antenna in a desired reference direction. • Control inputs: Drive motor voltages. • Outputs: The elevation and azimuth of the antenna. • Disturbances: Wind, rain, snow. Indian Institute of Information Technology - Allahabad

  34. Control System Components • System, plant or process (to be controlled) • Actuators (converts the control signal to a power signal) • Sensors (provides measurement of the system output) • Reference input (represents the desired output) • Error detection (forms the control error) • Controller (operates on the control error to form the control signal, sometimes called compensators) Indian Institute of Information Technology - Allahabad

  35. Basic Integrants in Control Systems Analysis – Given a system, to analyze the system’s 1. Stability 2. Dynamic characteristics 3. Steady-state characteristics • Design (Synthesis) – Design a new system or compensate (modify) an existing system for 1. Stability guarantee 2. Good dynamic performance 3. Satisfactory steady-state performance • Indian Institute of Information Technology - Allahabad

  36. KEY RESEARCH AREA OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND CONTROL SYSTEM. Exhaust Gas Energy Recovery. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an exhaust gas thermal energy recovery system of a hybrid electric vehicle including a catalytic converter, a cooling device, a resonance tube, a control valve means and an electric generating device. The catalytic converter is disposed in an exhaust system of an engine of the hybrid electric vehicle. The cooling device cools a part of the catalytic converter. In the resonance tube, one end portion of the resonance tube is connected with an exhaust gas upstream side of the catalytic converter in the exhaust system and the other end portion of the resonance tube is connected with an exhaust gas downstream side of the catalytic converter. The control valve means is provided near the both end portions of the resonance tube so that the control valve means can form a loop path by using the resonance tube and the catalytic converter. The electric generating device is connected with the resonance tube to generate electric power according to reaction of air pressure vibration generated due to a temperature gradient in the catalytic converter. After the engine is stopped, the control valve means forms the loop path and the cooling device cools down the part of the catalytic converter to generate the temperature gradient.

  37. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES Electronics Corporation of India Limited. www.ecil.co.in Bharat Electronics Limited. www.bel-india.com Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. www.hal-india.com Defense Research & Development Organization. www.drdo.org Indian railways. www.rrbald.nic.in

  38. JOBS WEBSITES… www.jobisjob.com www.careerdice.com electricalengineeringtour.blogspot.com jobview.monster.ca careercenter.aiaa.org hotjobs.yahoo.com freshersworld.com monster.com naukri.com timesjobs.com

  39. PROJECTS….. Auto hammer striker Auto side stand indicator and center stand AUTOMATIC LUBRICATING MACHINE                                                     AUTOMATIC DISC PARKING SYSTEM AUTOMATIC DRILLING AND TAPPING MACHINE Automatic gear changer

  40. Thank You

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