Peeter Normak

1. Information Society Approaches and ICT Processes (IFI8101)Information Society – Development Trends Peeter Normak

2. Home assignments Based on the first chapters of NETIS Course Book (until page 47) and the description of information society (pages 212-224) answer the following questions: • What aspects of information society is your research going to contribute at most. • Name five buzzwords or sub-fields from pages 212-213 that at most characterize your research.

3. Objective of the lecture We focus on the following questions: • What are the visions for the future of information society? • What are the most important strategies and programmes for realizing the visions? • What are the most widely used knowledge management frameworks, concepts and models?

4. Topics Visions of the information society Information society development strategies Development Programmes Conceptuali-zation of information society Knowledge management frameworks and models Example: Future Internet Enterprise Systems

5. Discussion Why is it important for you to be aware of the vision, policies and development programmes of society of the future?

6. Visions of the information society

7. Vision 1: World Summit on the Information Society, 2003 Information Society – everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge, enabling individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life, premised on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and respecting fully and upholding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Science has a central role in the development of the Information Society. Education, knowledge, ICT are at the core of human progress, endeavour and well-being. Young people are the future workforce and leading creators and earliest adopters of ICTs. They must therefore be empowered as learners, developers, contributors, entrepreneurs and decision-makers.

8. Vision 2: EU2020 Flagship initiatives 1) • Digital agenda for Europe • Innovation Union • Youth on the move (education) • Resource efficient Europe • An industrial policy for the globalisation era • An agenda for new skills and jobs • European platform against poverty 1) Europe 2020. A European strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth http://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20-%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf

9. Vision 2: Digital Agenda for Europe, 2010 The overall aim of the Digital Agenda is to deliver sustainable economic and social benefits from a digital single market based on fast and ultra fast internet and interoperable applications. Work smarteris the only way to guarantee increasing standards of life for Europeans. The creation of attractive online content and services and its free circulation inside the EU and across its borders are fundamental to stimulate the virtuous cycle of demand. The deployment and take-up of faster networks in turn opens the way for innovative services exploiting higher speeds. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0245:FIN:EN:PDF NB! The term “information society” is mentioned only once in the text of 41 pages (uses the term “digital society” 7 times).

10. Vision 3: SE21 – Sustainable Estonia 21 Estonian National Strategy on Sustainable Development (https://riigikantselei.ee/sites/default/files/content-editors/Failid/estonia_sds_2005.pdf): A big part of actors from different spheres of society will be engaged into a network-based decision-making mechanism, which increases participation and coherence. The use of new interactive media in recreation will increase. Technological innovation is the key area of the knowledge society. Only the best information and communication technological environment makes the functioning of a knowledge society possible. There is a danger of widening of the digital and cultural gap between different groups of population, the danger that the youth culture escaped into a passive virtual world and “the culture of the elderly” incapsulated into the traditional way of life may become marginalised in a society oriented to active participation and innovation. NB! “knowledge society” – 81, “information society” – 3 times used.

11. Vision 4: Digital Agenda 2020 for Estonia In Estonia, the possibilities of information and communications technology (ICT) are used to full extent in cooperation between the public, private and third sectors: in order to improve the quality of life for people, increase the employment rate, ensure the viability of Estonian cultural space, increase productivity in the economy, and make the public sector more efficient. NB! Uses the term “information society” (“knowledge society” – 0) .

12. Vision 5: Estonian Association of Information Technology and Telecommunications* The vision for 2030 has three components: Smart and brave economy: Estonian economy is cooperation-oriented, the most agile implementer of new solutions and outcomes of research and development in the world, and exporter of this experience. Smart people: the people living in Estonia or working for Estonia are members of a singing nation of technology which is larger than its small size thanks to the technology implemented in all fields of life and thanks to the development and use of smart labour force. Smart state with a vision: Estonia is the country with the most convenient business and living environment and with the most efficient organisation of the state in the world. * https://www.itl.ee/public/files/ITL%20vision%2022.11.2018_EN.pdf

13. Conclusion 1 - Vision The following keywords dominate in the vision of the information society: • Utilization of information for increasing the quality of life • Free cross-border circulation of online content and services • Fast networks for opening opportunities for new innovative services • Development bases on research and technological innovation • Web-based tools for supporting cooperation and decision-making are widely used.

14. Remark Wikipedia still (10.02.2019) does not contain an article for “Smart Society”. Examples of the focuses in the definitions of Smart society: • People and machines work together (http://www.fetfx.eu/story/smart-society-winding-road-towards-future/) • Quality of life (http://www.biginnovationcentre.com/media/uploads/pdf/1425646824_0714590001425646824.pdf). • Values (https://medium.com/project-2030/what-is-a-smart-society-92e4a256e852):“A smart society is a set of systems that express a consensually established set of values. Everything flows from those values. It is one in which leaders and citizens make data-based decisions which enable constantly improving outcomes in economic prosperity, social well-being, environmental sustainability and good governance. A smart society includes a reward or incentive system that engenders socially desirable and environmentally regenerative behaviours without compulsion or punishment.”

15. Information society development strategies/policies

16. Virtuous cycle of the digital economy (Digital Agenda for Europe)

17. EU strategy: A Digital Agenda for Europe, 2010 The action areas: • A vibrant digital single market. • Interoperability and standards (EC White Paper “Modernising ICT Standardisation in the EU – The Way Forward” 1); EC communication “Towards interoperability for European public services” 2)). • Trust and security. • Fast and ultra fast internet access (EC communication “European Broadband: investing in digitally driven growth” 3)). • Research and innovation. • Enhancing digital literacy, skills and inclusion 4). • ICT-enabled benefits for EU society. 1) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0324:FIN:EN:PDF 2) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0744:FIN:EN:PDF 3) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0472:FIN:EN:PDF 4) http://www.insead.edu/facultyresearch/centres/ecompetences/links/index.cfm

18. Discussion To which of the following action areas does your research benefit at most? • A vibrant digital single market. • Interoperability and standards. • Trust and security. • Fast and ultra fast internet access. • Research and innovation. • Enhancing digital literacy, skills and inclusion. • ICT-enabled benefits for EU society (sustainable development, e-health, digital media, e-governments, transportation systems).

19. Example: EU action area – ICT research and innovation The main policy document: EC communication “Strategy for ICT R&D and Innovation in Europe: Raising the Game”, 2009 1). The share of ICT in R&D: USA – 29%, EU – 17%. The goals of Europe by 2020: • Europe has doubled its private and public investments in ICT R&D, doubled venture capital investments in high-growth ICT SMEs and tripled its use of pre- commercial procurement in ICT; • Europe has nurtured an additional five ICT poles of world-class excellence, measured by private and public investments in the pole; • Europe has grown new innovative businesses in ICT so that 1/3 of all business expenditure in ICT R&D is invested by companies created within the last two decades; • Europe's ICT sector supplies at least the equivalent of its share of the global ICT market. 1) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0116:FIN:EN:PDF

20. Examples of specific strategies • Learning, Innovation and ICT. Lessons learned by the ICT cluster Education & Training 2010 programme.1) Action areas: • Leadership and institutional change for a renewed strategy on learning • Digital competences and transversal skills as core life and employability skills • Towards a new learning paradigm • Professional development – the teacher as learner at the centre • Research on learning in a digital society • Envisioning the future of learning in a digital society • European Strategy for a Better Internet for Children.2) Action areas: • High-quality content online for children and young people. • Stepping up awareness and empowerment. • Creating a safe environment for children online. • Fighting against child sexual abuse and child sexual exploitation. 1) https://erte.dge.mec.pt/sites/default/files/Recursos/Estudos/key_lessons_ict_cluster_final_report.pdf 2) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0196:FIN:EN:PDF

21. Sustainable Estonia 21 (SE21) Goals and the most important information society aspects: • Viability of the Estonian cultural space: An essential part of the Estonian culture has “moved to the virtual environment”. • Growth of welfare: Services will be both exported through the Internet or through their direct provision in the territory of other countries and provided in Estonia’s own territory. • Coherent society: Difficulties of the Estonian labour market in adapting to the new environment resulting from the EU labour division and development of information technology would be a threat. • Ecological balance: Cross-usable national registers of natural resources (incl. landscapes and objects of biological diversity) have been created by the year 2030 and the relevant statistics organised.

22. National Reform Programme “ESTONIA 2020” 1) 18 priorities of government policy, including: • The broader use of the potential of the creative industries, ICT and other key technologies for raising the value added of other sectors. • Bringing transportation, ICT and other public infrastructure and institutions that support business to an international level. • Increasing the international competitiveness of higher education: attracting talents to areas that are important for the Estonian economy or becoming more active in hiring foreign faculty members to work at Estonian institutions of higher education. 1) http://valitsus.ee/UserFiles/valitsus/en/government-office/growth-and-jobs/Estonia%202020%20in%202013/ENG%20national%20reform%20programme%20Estonia%202020.pdf

23. Digital Agenda 2020 for Estonia Examples of some priority initiatives: • Superfast internet based network is completed; at least 60% of households are using it. • A Nordic Innovation Institute of e-government’s basic infrastructure will be established for joint development of X-road, e-identity, digital signature and other components. • A virtual residency will be established – Estonia will issue a digital ID to non-residents allowing them to use Estonian e-services. • A Global Information Society Think Tank will be established, for disseminating our experience in e-government and for dealing with the most important information society issues like internet freedom, privacy protection, etc.

24. Gartner The leading technology policy research and advisory company. Example 1: Top 10 strategic technology trends for 2019: https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2019/ Example 2: Top Strategic Predictions for 2019 and Beyond: Practicality Exists Within Instability (https://www.gartner.com/doc/3891674?ref=SiteSearch&sthkw=&fnl=search&srcId=1-3478922254). Example 3: ITScore Overview for Enterprise Architecture and Technology Innovation (https://www.gartner.com/doc/3574317?ref=SiteSearch&sthkw=&fnl=search&srcId=1-3478922254). Example 4: The Global Impact of Industrie 4.0 Enables and Accelerates Worldwide Digital Business Success (https://www.gartner.com/doc/3796464?ref=SiteSearch&sthkw=&fnl=search&srcId=1-3478922254)

25. Forrester Research Developed the Customer Experience Index (CX Index): https://go.forrester.com/analytics/cx-index/ The list of reports: https://www.forrester.com/search?sort=3&searchOption=10001&N=20458&dateRange=1 The insights: https://go.forrester.com/blogs/

26. Conclusion 2 – Strategies The smaller will be the scope of the information society development strategy, the more focused it is: • World: there is no world-wide strategy • Europe: lists action lines and underlying principles • Estonia: determines concrete actions and outcomes

27. Information society development programmes

28. Examples of Information Society development programmes • World-wide development trends (there is no world-wide programme). • Regional (example: Europe). • National (example: Estonia). • National sectoral (example: Estonia - education). • International sectoral (example: Internet Enterprise Systems).

29. ICT in Horizon 2020: The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020)1) Work programmes for every two years. Examples from 2018-2020 WP2): • ICT-02-2018: Flexible and Wearable Electronics • ICT-16-2018: Software Technologies • ICT-24-2018-2019: Next Generation Internet - An Open Internet Initiative • ICT-25-2018-2020: Interactive Technologies • ICT-26-2018-2020: Artificial Intelligence • ICT-28-2018: Future Hyper-connected Sociality • ICT-29-2018: A multilingual Next Generation Internet • ICT-30-2019-2020: An empowering, inclusive Next Generation Internet • ICT-32-2018: STARTS – The Arts stimulating innovation • http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/area/ict-research-innovation • http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2018-2020/main/h2020-wp1820-leit-ict_en.pdf

30. National – Estonia Implementation Plan for 2018-20221,2 of Digital Agenda 2020 for Estonia (only in Estonian language). Goals: • ICT infrastructure for supporting the economic growth, country’s development and welfare of people. • Increasing ICT-skills for creating higher-value-added jobs, increasing international competitiveness and quality of life. • Smart public administration. • Promotion of e-Estonia in the World. 1 Excel table has 158 rows! 2 https://www.mkm.ee/et/eesmargid-tegevused/arengukavad

31. National sectoral – ICT Education (Estonia) IT Academy programme for 2016-2020 (http://media.voog.com/0000/0034/3577/files/IT%20Akadeemia%20programm%202016-2020.pdf, in Estonian). • Supports development of selected ICT study programmes. • Scholarships for ICT students on selected study programmes. • Development projects for ICT study programmes (Example: “Integra-tion of laboratory-based studies at Tallinn University ICT curricula”). • Development projects for supporting ICT studies on non-ICT study programmes (Example: “Development of digital competences of students on the math teacher study programme through subject didactics module”). • Supports research in ICT (support to TLÜ is pending).

32. Example of an international sectoral programme: Future Internet Enterprise Systems FInES. Research Roadmap 2025* * https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Future-Internet-Enterprise-Systems-(FInES)-Dini/c4c99c45d21e51030d2685f0ae9be13dd526b105

33. FInES - general FInES Research Roadmap 2025 has been produced by the dedicated FInES Research Roadmap (FRR) Task Force established in 2009 within the FInES (Future Internet Enterprise Systems) Cluster. Proposes answers to the following questions: What will be the socio-economic context in which future enterprises will operate. What will be the desirable qualities that will characterise future enterprises. What are the research lines for developing future enterprise systems able to support those qualities. What are the relevant ICT solutions that allow FInES to be developed in order to support the achievement of the above research lines.

34. FInES research challenges - 1 Strategic research challenges: The FInES constituent. A full digital image of the enterprise, consisting of five categories of elements: Tangible entity, Intangible entity (immaterial elements like strategies, methods, conceptions etc), People, Public Administration (structure and functions), Enterprise (processes related to the main functions). The foundational scientific methods. In particular, it will be important to achieve a tight integration between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ knowledge.

35. FInES research challenges - 2 Research challenges: Federated open application platform. Identifies new open and federated platforms and architectures for development services that support business operations and enterprise resources management, with extensive adoption of cloud technologies. Awareness and intelligence platform. For monitoring a running FInES, and the context, to identify shortcomings and problems, as well innovation needs and opportunities. Re-design for innovation. Development of methods and tools (for example business process modelling tools, enterprise ontologies, controlled natural languages) for business people for contextualizing the innovation needs and opportunities.

36. FInES research challenges - 3 Research challenges: Innovative FInES implementation recasting. Methods and tools for transforming the innovation and change specification into technical specifications. Meta-knowledge infrastructure. Methods and ICT solutions for deploying the idea of Internet of Knowledge (knowledge management tools like solutions for semantic search and retrieval, for semantic routing of information, for ontology-based semantic annotation etc). Interoperability & cooperation infrastructure. Tools for coexistence of federated platforms and solutions, from multi-agents platforms to rule-based and best practice systems, from business process engines, to traditional software packages.

37. FInES – Some specific topics (initial list from 2010) • Augmented Reality • Autonomic Objects and Networks • Business-IT Misalignment • Change Management • Complex Event Processing • Complexity Theory • Creative Commons • Crowdsourcing • Enterprise Architectural Framework • From Linked Open Data to Linked Open Knowledge • Innovation & Continuous re-design • Knowledge Mining • Knowledge Pragmatics • Knowledge Rendering • Semantic Annotation and Filtering • Semantic Interoperability • Simulation and ‘What-If’ Systems • Smart Objects Exploitation • Social Computing • System Mashup • Virtual Reality

38. Conclusion 3 – development programmes Although there are only few programmes specifically designed for the development of the information society, it is possible to execute projects that contribute to the development of the information society in the framework of virtually all other programmes.

39. Conceptions, knowledge creation frameworks and models

40. Example: the conception of digital ecosystems Definition. A digital ecosystem is a distributed, adaptive, open socio-technical system with properties of self-organisation, scalability and sustainability inspired from natural ecosystems. Initially (2002) the concept was introduced in the context of business enterprises (the term “digital business ecosystems” was used), later the scope was expanded. Peardrop. Synthesis Guide. Planning the Development of Digital Business Ecosystem (DBE) at regional level, 2008. This conception can be considered in different application areas.

41. Application in education Digital learning ecosystems: A distributed adaptive socio-technical system consisting of subjects of learning (learners, teachers, facilitators), digital learning artefacts (learning environments, learning tools, learning objects) and purposeful subject-subject and subject-artefact interactions. R & D can be conducted on different levels (layers) and scope, for example: • Conceptual layer • Semantic layer • Architecture and integration layer • Human-Computer interaction layer • …

42. Capability maturity models Maturity is a measure for determining the ability of an organization for continuous improvement in a particular area. There are normally 5 maturity levels. The first maturity model was published in 1993 (Capability Maturity Model for Software for assessing maturity of software processes1). The levels: 1 – initial 2 – repeatable 3 – defined 4 – managed 5 – optimizing 1https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/asset_files/TechnicalReport/1993_005_001_16211.pdf

43. Identification of needs Needs: a (desirable) situation or object that supports functioning of a system or achieving a goal. Needs depend on the current situation and on the gap between the current and desirable situation. Problems: measuring/modeling and estimating/predicting! Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (1943): NB! Satisfaction of lower level needs should precede to those of the higher level. NNB! Again five levels! Self- actualization Esteem Love and belonging Safety needs Physiological needs

44. Example: application to ICT “IT Value Hierarchy”(R. Urwiler, M. Frolick, 2008): • Infrastructure & connectivity needs • Security & stability needs • Integrated information needs • Competitive differentiation needs • Paradigm shift (innovation excellence)

45. General hierarchy of needs • Existential (needs that enable usage of a product or service). • Business continuity (allows the smooth functioning). • Relevance (incl easy of use). • The quality compared to other similar solutions (allows to ensure competitiveness). • Innovation (will ensure sustainability).

46. Knowledge management framework for enterprises* * Developed by OrganiK consortium (http://organik.opendfki.de, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/408a/9420447f9524b8102cc5a797402d097c5648.pdf) ** Enterprise Interoperability. Research Roadmap: “… the Web will in time become a basic building block of future enterprises”. People-centred knowledge management conceptualization Innovation Management Communities of Practice Knowledge Management Framework Strategy adaptation Technology-centred knowledge management conceptualization Enterprise Social Software Semantic Web Technologies**

47. Nonaka&Takeuchi knowledge creation SECI model

48. Dynamics between knowledge acquisition and creation Knowledge acquisition prevails in static societies – knowledge of yesterday is applicable today and tomorrow. Ability to create new knowledge is more important in dynamically evolving societies where the operating environment today differs from this of yesterday, and of tomorrow. Important factor: consistency of the structures of learning and real life. Cross (Internet Time Group). Informal Learning – the other 80%: 80% of time spent for learning takes place in school, 20% outside of school. From total knowledge and skills, a human uses in real life, 20% is acquired at school, and 80% outside of school.

49. The key for success – problem solving skills Josh Silverman (former CEO of Skype): development of problem solving skills should be the main task of schools. Problems of today: Vaguely defined. Complex, solution requires knowledge and skills in a variety of disciplines. Dynamically changing requirements. Prioritised differently by different parties. Competence area of an individual Jaan Valsiner: Zone of Promoted Action, ZPA

50. CBL as a tool for competence development Community-based learning (CBL) is learning that connects individual learning with meaningful community involvement and experiences. CBL is especially purposeful in cases requiring urgent solutions (not enough time for conduction research/analysis). Some features of CBL: Learning is proactive – learner-centered, self-driven and problem-oriented. Learning is situational – learning and takes place in the same context as the acquired knowledge or skills are applied. Learning takes into account the experience of others, their success and failure.