Government and Party Politics Section 1

Government and Party PoliticsSection 1 “How did debate over the role of government lead to the formation of political parties?”

Standards • SSUSH 6 The student will analyze the impact of territorial expansion and population growth in the early decades of the new nation. • Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s importance in the westward migration of Americans, and on slavery, public education, and the addition of new states. • Describe Jefferson’s diplomacy in obtaining the Louisiana Purchase from France and the territory’s exploration by Lewis and Clark. • Explain major reasons for the War of 1812 and the war’s significance on the development of a national identity. • Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise of New York City, and the development of the nation’s infrastructure. • Describe the reasons for and importance of the Monroe Doctrine.

Government and Party Politics Building the Federal Government Main Idea: The new government started out with enormous problems, including a large national debt, a small military, Spain’s efforts to keep trade closed along the Mississippi River, and British forts still maintained along the Great Lakes. Important tasks for the new republic included electing a president, and setting up the judiciary and Cabinet. Hamilton’s Plans Stir Debate Main Idea: As a Federalist, Hamilton believed that a strong centralized government was necessary to preserve the Union. However, as he developed plans for paying off the new nation’s great debts, his plans received fierce opposition from Antifederalists. Opposing Hamilton Main Idea: Opposition to Hamilton’s plans grew steadily in the South, where the states’ income from agriculture enabled them to pay their share of the country’s debts. A Two-Party System Emerges Main Idea: The federal government, headed by Washington and Hamilton, sought to secure its power and authority. Meanwhile the opposition, led by Madison and Jefferson, grew stronger.

Problems Faced by the New Government • Huge war debt from the Revolutionary War - $50 million • No navy; army of 400 men • No respect from other nations • No permanent capital • No federal officers beyond Washington, John Adams, and the newly elected Congress

George Washington • Elected unanimously by the Electoral College • Reluctant to take the job • Began setting precedents (traditions)

First Inauguration • The oath of office was administered in New York City • George Washington repeated the oath of office of President • Inauguration: official swearing-in ceremony • Cabinet: leaders of the executive departments of the federal government

President Washington • Administration: staff in the executive branch • Precedent: something done or said that becomes an example, rule, or tradition; formation of a Cabinet • Established a tone of dignity; Washington believed that parties and pomp were necessary to command the respect of the world • Elected to second term in 1792 • Tradition of being elected for only two terms

Leaders • President: George Washington • Vice President: John Adams

The First President TRANSPARENCY Transparency: The First President

The New Government THE BIG IDEA: George Washington had to establish the Executive Branch of the new government. Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State Past Experience: Main writer of the Declaration of Independence, Ambassador to France John Adams Vice-President Past Experience: Revolutionary Leader, Lawyer, influential Federalist George Washington President Past Experience: Commander of the Continental Army, President of the Constitutional Convention Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury Past Experience: Personal Aide to Washington, author of many Federalist Essays Henry Knox Secretary of War Past Experience: General in Continental Army, Sec. Of War under Articles

Cabinet • Cabinet: officials selected by the President to head the major departments of the executive branch and to advise the President • Attorney General: Edmund Randolph • Secretary of War: Henry Knox • Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton

Thomas Jefferson • Planter, lawyer, and diplomat; had served several years as ambassador to France • Writer, inventor, and violinist • Founded the University of Virginia

Alexander Hamilton • Brilliant man • Private secretary to General Washington • Believed in a strong central government and that governmental power could accomplish great things

Setting Up the Judiciary • Constitution called for Supreme Court and smaller ones • Left details of organization to Congress • Judiciary Act of 1789 – established a system of courts • Thirteen federal district courts • John Jay was first Chief Justice of the U.S.

Hamilton’s Program • Supported strong national power • Little faith in the people • Felt that government needed to direct the development of the American economy; wanted to develop a strong commercial and industrial economy • Hamilton’s Plan: federal government to take on Revolutionary War debts of states • Wanted to charter a Bank of the U.S.

Hamilton’s Plan for National Debt • Congress accepted the plan based on a deal • move the Capital to Washington DC • Why would the Government want to add to $50 Million debt by adding the States debts? • Most debt was owed to foreign countries, merchants and speculators • did not want government to fail • wanted citizens to feel secure • Raise Money - Whiskey Tax and Tariff • Place this $ in a special fund • Repay debt with interest from it

Hamilton’s Plan for Restructuring Debt CHART Chart: Hamilton’s Plan for Restructuring Debt

Hamilton and Jefferson Debate • Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict • Hamilton: strong central government led by wealthy, educated • Jefferson: strong state, local government; people’s participation • Hamilton has Northern support; Jefferson has Southern, Western • Hamilton’s Economic Plan • U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private citizens • Plan—pay foreign debt, issue new bonds, assume states’ debt • Some Southern states have paid debts, against taxes to pay for North

Hamilton’s Opponents • Washington sided with Hamilton • Thomas Jefferson resigned from the Cabinet in 1793. • Believed that Hamilton was betraying the spirit of the Revolution • Jefferson had more faith in the people

Government Affairs • Foreign affairs: relations with foreign countries; the Secretary of State heads the State Department and coordinated U.S. involvement with foreign countries • Domestic affairs: Issues relating to a country’s internal affairs

Interpretation of Constitution • Strict construction – government should not do anything unless specified in the Constitution • Loose construction – government could do anything that was not forbidden in the Constitution

Payment Plan for War Debt • Tariff enacted in 1789 to tax imported goods to raise money • 1791, congress placed a tax on whiskey • Fund set up to pay creditors slowly, with interest

Whiskey Rebellion • Corn made into whiskey • Used as a kind of currency • Rebels closed courts and attacked tax collectors • 1794, army of 12,000 men put down the rebellion in Pennsylvania to demonstrate the power of the government • Led to the development of two political parties

Analyzing Political Cartoons: The Whiskey Rebellion TRANSPARENCY Analyzing Political Cartoons: The Whiskey Rebellion

Political Parties Grow INFOGRAPHIC Infographic: Political Parties Grow

Democratic Republicans • Stood for a more democratic republic • Along with Federalists, they became the first political parties: a group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to control government policy and programs

Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Summarize

PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency Progress Monitoring Transparency: Section 1

The Struggle Over Foreign PolicySection 2 “How did foreign policy challenges affect political debate and shape American government?”

The Struggle Over Foreign Policy Conflict in the Ohio Valley Main Idea: From the forts they maintained along the Great Lakes, the British supplied the Miami Indians and their allies with arms and ammunition. The British hoped to limit American settlement in the Northwest Territory. This led to violent conflict. American Relations With Europe Main Idea: While the British were helping Native Americans take a stand against the United States, Americans became embroiled in the first major foreign policy event of its short history: the French Revolution. The Parties Debate Foreign Policy Main Idea: The Federalists and Antifederalists conflicted over many issues concerning government power. A crisis in France briefly united the nation, but the Alien and Sedition Acts and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions soon revealed the party divisions once again. The Election of 1800 Main Idea: Complications in the election of 1800 forced the House of Representatives to choose between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Burr had been Jefferson’s running mate, and both men won 73 electoral votes. To avoid another electoral crisis, in 1804 the Constitution was amended to require electors to vote separately for President and Vice President.

War in the Old Northwest • American Revolution weakened Iroquois and Cherokee • Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other Native American groups grouped to fight expansion • Miamitown 1790 – Little Turtle and Blue Jacket defeat army • Expedition led by Arthur St. Clair defeated

Battles-Army Victories • Legion of the U.S. led by General Wayne win at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in Ohio • Native American groups forced to accept Treaty of Greenville • Miami, Delaware, Shawnee, and other groups lost southern two thirds of Ohio • Ohio River no longer a permanent boundary between their land and settlers

Accepting White Culture • Little Turtle - leader of the Miami people • Adopted some American customs • Tried to live peacefully with settlers

Blending Cultures • Handsome Lake - a Seneca called for a rebirth of Seneca culture that would blend customs of both Native Americans and Americans • Urged his people to abandon war and focus on rituals

Returning to Traditions • Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) called for a rejection of European ways and a return to tradition • Established Prophetstown in Indiana; had warlike attitude

Military Action • Tecumseh believed that Native Americans must unite the Native American groups to fight the Americans; brother of Tenskwatawa • Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry Harrison was attacked by Tenskwatawa; Prophetstown burned

Result • Tecumseh died in Canada during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames • Tecumseh did not accomplish goal of uniting Native Americans • Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa showed defiance and earned respect for their people and culture

LEADER DESCRIPTION of Leader PEOPLE (Tribe) RESPONSE of Tribe Little Turtle Military leader, won victories against settlers in the 1790s MIAMI Adopted some white culture, lived in peace, acceptance of white culture Handsome Lake Fought against settlers, confined to a reservation SENECA Acceptance on Native American terms, Blended Indian and White Culture Tenskwatawa “The Prophet” SHAWNEE Reject white culture, return to traditional native ways, leaned towards fighting Tecumseh War chief, brother of “The Prophet” SHAWNEE Unite and take military action against white settlers

Accommodation– accepting and attempting to make comfortable Assimilation – people of one culture blending into and becoming part of another Treaty of Greenville – Tricked by US to sign treaty which gave up 2/3 of Ohio Reservation – area that the government sets aside for Native Americans who lost their land Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry Harrison attacked Indians in Indiana forced them off their land

French Revolution • 1789 French people overthrew King Louis XVI • During the Reign of Terror, thousands of people were executed, including King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette

American Relations With Europe • Federalists opposed the French Revolution, while Jefferson and his supporters thought of it as an extension of the American Revolution • War broke out between Great Britain and France • America remained neutral • Pinckney negotiated a treaty with Spain that guaranteed free shipping rights on the Mississippi River and access to New Orleans for trade

Jay’s Treaty of 1794 • Washington sided with Britain in war because of British navy • Britain agreed to leave the forts in Northwest Territory • Expanded trade, but did not solve ship problem of stopping American ships to search for British subjects • Americans to repay prewar debts • Lost support of many Americans

Washington’s Legacy • Washington was famous for his honesty, dignity, an self-control • He was very popular in his first four years • Problems clouded his second term • Many distrusted the government • Many disliked Hamilton’s economic plans • Jefferson resigned in 1793 • Divisions in the government developed

Capital City First government was in New York City Capital moved to Philadelphia in 1790 Residence Act of 1790: 10-square-mile stretch of land on Virginia-Maryland border District of Columbia Benjamin Banneker: surveyor Pierre-Charles L’Enfant developed the city plan with broad streets, the White House for the President’s residence, and the Capitol building for Congress; moved in 1800

U.S. Response to Events in Europe Reactions to the French Revolution • Federalists pro-British; Democratic-Republicans pro-French • Washington declares neutrality,will not support either side • Edmond Genêt, French diplomat, violates diplomatic protocol Treaty with Spain • Spain negotiates with Thomas Pinckney, U.S. minister to Britain • Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo, signed: - Spain gives up claims to western U.S. - Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel - Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic

Washington’s Farewell Address • “[A system of political parties] agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, [and] foments [stirs up] occasional riot and insurrection.” 1796

Election of 1796 • Washington set a precedent of serving two terms • John Adams ran against Thomas Jefferson. • Adams elected with Jefferson his Vice President (from different political parties)

Government and Party Politics Section 1