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References: Books. Kruskal , Joseph B. and Myron Wish (1978), Multidimensional Scaling , Beverly Hills: Sage. Great primer to get you started. Green, Paul E., Frank J. Carmone Jr., and Scott M. Smith (1989), Multidimensional Scaling: Concepts and Applications , Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
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References: Books • Kruskal, Joseph B. and Myron Wish (1978), Multidimensional Scaling, Beverly Hills: Sage. • Great primer to get you started. • Green, Paul E., Frank J. Carmone Jr., and Scott M. Smith (1989), Multidimensional Scaling: Concepts and Applications, Boston: Allyn & Bacon. • More info, well-written. • Davison, Mark L. (1983), Multidimensional Scaling, New York: Wiley. • Also well-written, lots of info on preference models. • Coxon, A.P.M. (1982), The User's Guide to Multidimensional Scaling, Exeter: Heinemann Educational Books. • A bit more advanced than those above.
MDS References: Books • Borg, Ingwer and Patrick Groenen (1997), Modern Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications, NY: Springer. • Coxon, A. P. M. (1982), The User’s Guide to Multidimensional Scaling, Exeter, New Hampshire: Heinemann. • Schiffman, Susan S., M. Lance Reynolds, and Forrest W. Young (1981), Introduction to Multidimensional Scaling: Theory, Methods, and Applications, NY: Academic Press. • Young, Forrest W., and Robert M. Hamer (ed.) (1987), Multidimensional Scaling: History, Theory, and Applications, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
References: Books (More of Historical Interest) • Green, Paul E. and Vithala R. Rao (1972), Applied Multidimensional Scaling; A Comparison of Approaches and Algorithms, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. • Hard to find—your library (or inter-library loan) may have a copy. Or your oldest professor in this area. If you can’t find it, that’s ok—the content is pretty much captured in the current Green et al. book (above). • Shepard, Roger N., A. Kimball Romney and Sara Beth Nerlove (eds.) (1972), Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications in the Behavioral Sciences, Volume I: Theory, NY: Seminar Press. • Romney, A. Kimball, Roger N. Shepard, and Sara Beth Nerlove (eds.) (1972), Multidimensional Scaling: Theory and Applications in the Behavioral Sciences, Volume II: Applications, NY: Seminar Press. • These 2 volumes presented a lot of good stuff, great for their time; also hard to find at this point. • Torgerson, Warren S. (1958),Theory and Methods of Scaling, New York: Wiley. • Geek o-rama but great info, historical and technical. • Young, Forrest W., & Hamer, R.M. (1987), Multidimensional Scaling: History, Theory and Application, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. • Also good intro and overview; also hard to find.
References: Books (Other) • Golledge, Reginald G. and John N. Rayner (eds.) (1982), Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets, Minneapolis: U of Minnesota Press. • More about the psychology of similarity and preference judgments than algorithms per se. • Need to add the MDS books at the office!! MDS also appears as a chapter in most multivariate stats books, such as: • Seber, G.A.F. (1984), Multivariate Observations, NY: Wiley, pp.xxxxxx.
Nonmetric MDS References The 4 classic papers that founded Nonmetric MDS: • Kruskal, Joseph B. (1964), “Multidimensional Scaling by Optimizing Goodness of Fit to a Nonmetric Hypothesis,” Psychometrika, 29, 1-27. • Kruskal, Joseph B. (1964), “Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling: A Numerical Method,” Psychometrika, 29, 115-129. • Shepard, Roger N. (1962), “The Analysis of Proximities: Multidimensional Scaling with an Unknown Distance Function. I,” Psychometrika, 27, 125-140. • Shepard, Roger N. (1962), “The Analysis of Proximities: Multidimensional Scaling with an Unknown Distance Function. II,” Psychometrika, 27, 219-246.
Individual Differences MDS References The paper that founded INDSCAL: • Carroll, J.Douglas, and J. J. Chang (1970), “Analysis of Individual Differences in Multidimensional Scaling via an N-way Generalization of "Eckhart-Young" Decomposition,” Psychometrika, 35, 238-319. Also see: • Arabie, Phipps, J. Douglas Carroll, and Wayne S. DeSarbo (1987), Three-Way Scaling and Clustering, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
References: Articles The papers • Buja, Andreas, Deborah F. Swayne, Michael L. Littman, Heike Hofmann, and Lisha Chen (2008), “Data Visualization with Multidimensional Scaling," Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics., 17 (2), 444-472. • Buja, Andreas and Deborah F. Swayne (2002), “Visualization Methodology for Multidimensional Scaling,“ Journal of Classification, 19, 7-43. • Cooper, Lee G. (1983), “A Review of Multidimensional Scaling in Marketing Research,” Applied Psychological Measurement, 7 (4), 427-450. • Carroll, J. Douglas and Phipps Arabie (1980), “Multidimensional Scaling,” Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 607-649.
Unidimensional Scaling • McIver, John P. and Edward G. Carmines (1981), Unidimensional Scaling, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
MDS Related • Dayton, C. Mitchell (1998), Latent Class Scaling Analysis, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. • Ward, Michael D. and KristianSkrededGleditsch (2008), Spatial Regression Models, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.