HOW TO MAKE A CASE HISTORY

1. HOW TO MAKE A CASE HISTORY By dr.linda Maher

2. HISTORY TAKING It is a classic form of documentation that help in arriving at a diagnosis. DIAGNOSIS To identify or determine thenatureandcauseof a disease or injury through evaluation of the medical and dental history.

3. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF HISTORY TAKING?? 1\start communication with patients 2\to obtain appropriate information's from patients to facilitate physical examinations 3\to make a provisional diagnosis

4. Deferential diagnosis: Systematic identification of multiple possible alternative diseases presenting with similar signs and symptoms Provisional diagnosis: It is a general diagnosis based on clinical impression Definitive diagnosis: Final diagnosis reached out by an extensive workout on which therapy is based

5. Signs and symptoms SIGNS: Changes observed by the examiner as in shape, color, size SYMPTOMS: Subjective information recorded by the patient E.g pain , tenderness ,nausea

6. PATIENT RECORD It is a permanent document which reflects the patient’s information's and the quality of care given to the patient. It also acts as an important source of data for research purposes

7. COMPONENTS OF PATIENT RECORD • 1\Personal data • 2\chief complain • 3\history of chief complain • 4\past medical history • 5\past dental history • 6\family history • 7\social history • 8\examination outcomes • 9\treatment plan • 10\written consent

9. Guidelines for history taking • 1\introduce your self and great the patient by name. • 2\questions should be open ended (encourage detailed explanation) don’t use yes ,no questions. • 3\avoid leading questions • 4\questions should be clear and direct. • 5\carefully listen to the patient. • 6\symptoms should be recorded in patient’s own word

10. 1\PERSONAL DATA

11. 1\PERSONAL DATA • 1\PATIENT NAME: • Objectives: 1\better communication • 2\record keeping • 2\AGE: • Objectives: 1\certain diseases are correlated to age • 2\management techniques vary according to age.

12. 3\GENDER: Objectives: 1\some diseases show sex predilection e.g. hemophilia usually occur in males 4\ADRESS: Objectives: 1\ for patient recall 2\chart out appointment for patients from distant places

13. 5\OCCUPATION: Objectives: reflect the socioeconomic status of patients to know about nourishment , hygiene ,payment capacity of patient

14. 2\CHIEF COMPLAIN • Always record in patients own word • Mention only the chief problem of the present day in the order of severity.

15. 3\HISTORY OF CHIEF COMPLAIN OBJECTIVE: it indicates the severity and urgency of the problem. ask about: 1\onset and duration(when, for how long) 2\severity of complain 3\location 4\course of complain (getting better or worst) 5\exacerbating and relieving factors

16. 4\PAST MEDICAL HISTORY • OBJECTIVES: • Because certain medical conditions may require modifications in treatment plan or need prophylactic cover before dental procedures. e.g. bacterial endocarditis need prophylactic antibiotics

17. Check list of medical history by scully and cawson’s: Anemia Bleeding disorders Cardio respiratory disorders Drugs and allergies Endocrine disorders Fit’s and faints Gastro intestinal diseases Hospital admission Infections Jaundice Kidney diseases

18. 5\PAST DENTAL HISTORY OBJECTIVES: To predict the patient attitude toward the treatment process ASK ABOUT: 1\Past dental visits, how frequent 2\History of previous filling 3\History of previous extractions ,any difficulties in extractions

19. 6\FAMILY HISTORY • ASK ABOUT genetic and inherited diseases • E.g. (diabetes, hypertension, allergies)

20. 7\SOCIAL HISTORY ASK ABOUT PERSONAL HABITS 1\oral hygiene habits (brushing, technique and frequency) 2\nail biting, lip biting, thumb sucking 3\smoking, alcohol consumption

21. 8\WRITTING CONSENT • The patient must have the legal ability to consent to treatment. Most dental patients will have this capacity. The exceptions are: • people who have been declared incompetent, in which case their guardian, or substitute decision maker, must provide the consent; • minors who are below the age of consent , in which case their parent or guardian must provide the consent

22. EXAMINATION

23. 9\EXAMINATION Techniques for examination 1\visual examination (look) 2\palpation (feel) 3\instrumentation 4\investigations

24. EXAMINATIN EXTRA ORAL INTRA ORAL • 1\LOOK • general appearance (paleness , jaundice ,cyanosis) • 2\PALPATE • TMJ ,sub mandibular lymph nodes sub mental lymph nodes , cervical lymph nodes 1\HARD TISSUE Teeth and occlusion 2\SOFT TISSUE Buccal mucosa , labial mucosa , tongue, palate ,floor of the mouth

25. EXTRA ORAL EXAMINATION 1\GENERAL LOOK: -pale (may indicate anemia) -yellowish discoloration (jaundice) -cyanosis or bluish discoloration(cardio respiratory dysfunction) = look for skin lacerations ,scars …etc

26. 2\PALPATE A\TMG (clicking, tenderness , mouth opening) B\LYMPH NODES (sub mandibular –sub lingual –cervical )

27. Palpation of TMJ

28. Palpation of sub mandibular lymph nodes

29. Palpation of sub lingual lymph nodes

30. Palpation of cervical lymph nodes

31. INTRA ORAL EXAMINATION 1\HARD TISSUE -teeth(number, caries ,mobility , staining) -Occlusion 2\SOFT TISSUE (buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, tongue, hard palate , soft palate ) All tissues should be examined systemically

34. Intra oral examination

35. Intra oral(tongue)examination

36. Intra oral(side of tongue)exam.

37. INVESTIGATIONS • The diagnosis and appropriate treatment may be obvious from the history and examination. • More frequently there are various possible diagnosis(differential diagnosis) and plan of investigation should be worked out to reach a (definitive diagnosis)

38. TYPES OF INVESTIGATIONS 1\RADIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 2\HISTOPATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 3\HEMATOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

39. 10\TREATMENT PLAN • A written treatment plan is presented to the patient after the dentist has reviewed and evaluated all patient information gathered

40. THANK YOU