Intro to Genetics

1. Intro to Genetics

2. CATALYST Brown eyes Fast Runner Blue eyes Normal Vision Near Sightedness Dark hair Hardworking Straight Hair Widow’s peak Dimples Attached earlobes Freckles Pierced Ears Allergies Tongue-rolling Which traits do you think come from your DNA? Why? 2. Which traits do you think come from your environment? Why?

3. GREGOR MENDEL What do you know? http://science.discovery.com/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-shorts-genetics.html 3

4. What is a gene? 4

5. GREGOR MENDEL You inherit2copies of every gene, one from eachPARENT gamete Each copy is called anALLELE In most cases, each gene has a DOMINANT &RECESSIVE allele possibility 5

6. GREGOR MENDEL These alleles (GENES) determine what proteins get made/expressed (TRAITS) Gene alleles are inherited INDEPENDENTLY of other genes. Example: Just because you inherited Brown hair, does not mean you will have brown eyes 6

7. VOCABULARY GENOTYPEVS. PHENOTYPE Genotype: the genes that make up your body; the “type of genes” you have Example: AA, Aa, aa, RR, Rr, rr Phenotype: what we look like; our physical appearance Example: Brown hair, blue eyes, tall height

8. VOCABULARY Brown hair. 8

9. VOCABULARY Bb. 9

10. VOCABULARY Small hands. 10

11. VOCABULARY ss 11

12. DOMINANT VS. RECESSIVE Genes are what you INHERIT from each PARENT. Every gene will have two forms or alleles, DOMINANT or RECESSIVE. DOMINANT: the allele that shows up, or can be seen is dominant. STRONG Written as: CAPITAL LETTERS Example: R, S, T, Q, M, N, D RECESSIVE: the allele that is seen only when both alleles are recessive. WEAK. Written as: LOWER-CASE LETTERS Example: r, s, t, q, m, n, d • If the trait for “big nose” is the dominant trait, use “B” to represent the dominant allele. • If the trait “small nose” is the recessive trait, use “b” to represent the recessive allele. • Don’t change the LETTER, just the capitalization!!!! • Only 1 dominant allele must be inherited for the dominant trait to be expressed (show up) • Example: BB or Bb • 2 recessive alleles must be inherited for a recessive trait to be expressed (show up) • Example: bb • NN = __________________ Nn= __________________ nn= __________________ RECESSIVE DOMINANT DOMINANT

13. DOMINANT VS. RECESSIVE

14. VOCABULARY GENOTYPEVS. PHENOTYPE 14

15. VOCABULARY Dominant or Recessive?T 15

16. VOCABULARY Dominant or Recessive?k 16

17. VOCABULARY Dominant or Recessive?L 17

18. HOMOZYGOUS VS. HETEROZYGOUS • HOMOZYGOUS: both letters (alleles) are the SAME • HOMO- : same • Example: BB, RR, mm, LL, hh, TT, dd • HETEROZYGOUS: each letter is DIFFERENT or MIXED • HETERO- : different or mixed • Example: Hh, Bb, Rr, Tt, Ll, Kk Ss, Gg There are 3 combinations of alleles (genotypes): 1. Homozygous Dominant (DD) Phenotype = Dominant 2. Heterozygous (Dd)Phenotype = Dominant 3. Homozygous Recessive (dd) Phenotype = Recessive Additional Terms: Homozygous= True/Pure Breeding Heterozygous = Hybrid

19. VOCABULARY HeterozygousHomozygous DominantHomozygous Recessive 19

20. VOCABULARY HH 20

21. VOCABULARY Dd 21

22. VOCABULARY dd 22

23. VOCABULARY Oo 23

24. GREEN HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT YELLOW HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE GREEN HETEROZYGOUS

25. TT TALL HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT T TALL HETEROZYGOUS Tt t tt SHORT HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE

26. HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT WW W WRINKLED ___ :Wrinkled w ___: Smooth WRINKLED HETEROZYGOUS Ww ww SMOOTH HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE

27. HD HE HE HE HE HR HE HR HE HE HR HR

28. BROWN PURPLE PURPLE BROWN WHITE BLUE ROUND LONGTAIL ROUND LONGTAIL WRINKLED BOBTAIL

29. SS PP Ss Pp ss pp

30. Small Eyes Normal Teeth Freckles Gentoype = Tt (Heterozygous) Phenotype = Normal Teeth Gentoype = ff (Homozygous Recessive) Phenotype = Freckles