Modern Missions 1900-2000 Part 2

1. Modern Missions 1900-2000Part 2 The battle for the minds of men. Global paradigm shifts were matured in every sphere of life around the world confusing the basis of a Truth-based message

2. John Gresham Machen Fundamentalism • After Civil War the “Evangelical Empire” crumbled under German Rationalism, and evolution • Education and comparative religions undercut the uniqueness of fundamental Christianity • Vast number of Roman Catholic immigrants dissolved the illusion that America was Protestant • Coalition of Fundamentalists (1900-1920) united around non-negotiables, esp. inerrancy and premillennialism • Debate of Fundamentalism vs. Modernism in public arena (1920-1935) • The Liberal wing of the Presbyterians wanted a more inclusive position where differing views could be tolerated • Princeton theologian J. Gresham Machen fought to keep the “Five Points” of orthodoxy (inerrancy, virgin birth, substitutionary atonement, bodily resurrection and return and miracles), but lost in Princeton, 1927 • The greatest media event Attempts to stop evolution from being taught (Scopes Monkey Trial) between William Jennings Bryan defending John Scopes and ACLU won acquittal, but the Liberals felt vindicated

3. Fundamentalist Institutions and Agencies Regular Baptist Press International Partnership of Fundamental Baptist Ministries • New Institutes established (1930-1950) – Period of “come-outism” – Separation • “Fundamentalism” got stricter over time (belief in 2nd coming became insufficient by 1930 when one had to be Pretribulational Premillennial to be a real Fundamentalist; also many social restrictions • “Fundamentalism” became associated with anti-intellectualism, combativeness, extremism, and being critical of everyone else – (unfair criticism, but common) • Mission Agencies formed with these views • GARBC approved missions and Bible Colleges • FOM (Fellowship of Missions: Appalachian Bible College, BIMI, BMM, etc. ) (ABWE was just voted out of this group!) • Bob Jones University mission: Gospel Fellowship Mission, etc.

4. Separatist Fundamentalism and Evangelicals J. Frank Norris flamboyant leader of early Fundamentalist Baptist Jerry Falwell was Baptist Bible Fellowship until becoming Southern Baptist Billy Graham split with Fundamentalists Conservative Harold Ockenga, Carl F. H. Henry sought to remake fundamentalism that could dialogue with social, cultural and intellectual trends in America calling themselves “Young Evangelicals” By the early 1950s the Fundamentalists began to split with the Neo (New)- Evangelicals, but each side maintained the core doctrines Billy Graham led this New-Evangelical movement which decided to cooperate with other Christians who may not hold the core doctrines for evangelistic purposes The emotional separation and rejection of one another hurt the individual and association cooperation and fellowship across the line of separation MISSIONS: missionaries may come from different camps and have to cooperate on the field!

5. New Evangelicals and Secondary Separation Dr. Graham and son Franklin Steven Curtis Chapman • Fundamentalism is not the same as Evangelicalism, though their core doctrines can be similar • The Fundamentalists would be more conservative and narrow in association, whereas the Evangelicals are culturally and theologically more moderate • The issues tend to be their regard and approach to Scriptures and its broader worldview implications • The Charismatic movement found more space in the Evangelical movement and more criticism in the Fundamentalist movement • Evangelicalism tend to be the middle ground between liberalism and Fundamentalism, though as time goes on the lines become cloudy • Secondary Separation meant that a Fundamentalist could not associate with anyone not in fundamentalist circles (Primary Separation), nor with anyone who associated with anyone not in Fundamentalist circles (Secondary Separation) • Issues provoking this separation include: worldliness: contemporary music, movies, social drinking, dress, hair-style, too accommodating to ; doctrines: Charismatics, often KJV, Social Gospel (evangelical left); associations: Southern Baptists liberalism, mass evangelism with liberals in the direction

6. SBC Renewal Movements Adrian Rogers 1931-2005 Jerry Falwell Jerry Rankin, Pres. IMB 5,000 missionaries Conservatives first won the 1979 President election Noel Hollyfield’s research in 1976 revealed 87% of new seminary students believed Jesus was divine, but only 63% of graduates believed Conservative strategy: elect conservative presidents – 1979 SBC elected Adrian Rogers as first conservative In 1986 the SBC seminary presidents gave in to the Fundamentalists to fire all Liberals in all the faculties of the six SBC seminaries (SBC colleges not affected) The FMB (Foreign Mission Board) had to cut funding to foreign seminaries that had liberal professors (like Ruschikon Seminary, Switzerland), which caused major divisions The issue would force Keith Parks to resign and the election of Jerry Rankin in 1993– as well as the formation of 2 state conventions in Texas and Virginia (one “moderate” and one Conservative). Eventually all missionaries were forced to sign the 2000 Baptist Faith and Message declaration

7. William Seymour leader of Azusa St. Revival 1st Wave: Pentecostal Movement 1901 Charles Parham Azusa St. Mission • Charles Parham saw students speaking in tongues while seeking the baptism of the Spirit in 1901 • Invited to Houston to teach new evidences and Apostolic Faith concepts • William Seymour, a Black holiness pastor was allowed to listen from an adjoining room • Seymour was called to Azusa St. Mission in LA, where a band of followers fasted and prayed with him until several spoke in tongues • Word spread quickly, newspapers caught the story • By 1906 a revival broke out for 3 years • Quickly spread throughout the global Holiness Movement • Pentecostal denominations started and grew steadily • Popular leaders include Kathryn Kuhlman and Oral Roberts • Missionaries were sent out thinking they would evangelize with their tongue-gift, but failed • New doctrine developed that tongues became evidence of empowerment to evangelize, rather than the means to do so

8. 2nd Wave: Charismatic Movement 1960 Dennis Bennett, Anglican priest, first non-Pentecostal leader to speak in tongues Todd Bentley, Lakeland, FL revival 2008 • In 1960 Dennis Bennett claimed he was baptized in the Spirit (forced to resign pastorate) but later founded Christian Renewal Association. This gave birth to the Charismatic Movement. • The Neo-Pentecostals (Charismatics) experienced the speaking in tongues (glossolalia) while remaining in their traditional churches • Neo-Charismatics refer to those who left their traditional churches to form their own denominations (i.e. Vineyard Movement) • Numbers: by 2000 (became the 2nd largest branch of Christianity behind the Roman Catholic Church!) : • Charismatic Movement: 176 million • Neo-Charismatics : 295 million • Pentecostals: 66 million • 27% of all Christians and almost 60% of all Protestants • In 1967 Charismatics became active in the Roman Catholic Church at Notre Dame in South Bend, IN, and Duquesne University in 1977. • By 2000 there would be 120 million Charismatic Catholics • Catholics consider this experience another validation of their sacramental salvation through the Catholic Church.

9. 3rd Wave: Signs and Wonders Movement 1981 Peter Wagner • Initially associated with John Wimber and the Vineyard Movement • Belief that the gospel is best communicated if associated with supernatural manifestations of the Spirit: esp. prophecy and healings • Deut 26:8, God brought Israel out of Egypt “with a strong hand and an outstretched arm and with SIGNS AND WONDERS” • Wimber’s lectures at Fuller Theological Seminary from ‘82-’85 won over Peter Wagner, Church Growth strategist on faculty who labeled the movement: Power Evangelism • Peter Wagner: Head of Dept for Church Growth at Fuller since 1971 • Leader of Strategic Level Spiritual Welfare, Apostolic Restoration Movement, member of the International Coalition of Apostles and the Apostolic Council of Prophetic Elders • Head of Global Harvest Ministries network prayer ministries, Spiritual Warfare Network (SWN, also called “Gideon’s Army”) and the Wagner Leadership Institute

10. International Missions • Difficult to track from the US: 2 million short-term missions vs. 64,000 Protestant Missionaries • More difficult to be accurate overseas: est. 76,000 internationals involved in missions • Many internationals are ethnic missionaries (sent out to reach their own people living in different countries: expatriates) • This is the greatest potential of the global church • Vision casting and mobilization • Training for tasks and ministries • Partnering, teaming, sharing, facilitating

11. Tribal Missions Yuqui Indian in Bolivia- Bruce Porterfield • Frank Drown • Lived and worked with Jivaro, “head shrinking” Indians in E. Ecuador. • Worked with Roger Youderian of Operation Auca; led the rescue effort • Bruce Porterfield • 1957 NTM missionary attempt to contact the wild Yuqui tribe in Bolivia (ten years before had killed first 5 NTMers to attempt contact) • Famous for choaking you to see how much you can take! • Bruce, “Our accounting to God is for faithfulness, not for results” • David Scovill • UFM (CrossWorld) pioneer and linguistic missionary to the Danis in Indonesia • Taught Chronological Bible Teaching and established the church in Dani • Don Richardson • In 1962 Don and Carol risked their lives to share Christ with the Sawi people of New Guinea who were headhunters and cannibals • Discovered the Redemptive Analogy from the mythology of tribe that compared to the gospel

12. Missionary Martyrs John and Betty Stam d. 1934 Chet Bitterman (1953-1981) • John and Betty Stam – China with CIM – 1934 • Communist captured the Stam in 1934 for ransom of $20K • Their baby cried and was to be killed, but a released prisoner gave his life to let the baby live • While marching 12 miles Betty stopped to feed the baby, wrapped her in a sleeping bag and left her • Continuing the march a Chinese tried to persuade the soldier not to kill them, but he was ordered to join them • John, Betty and the shopkeeper were beheaded • Paul Carlson – Congo 1964 • Medical missionary accused of being an American spy • Managed a hospital and leper colony • During an unrest he got his family to safety in CAR, returned • Fell into the hands of the rebel army, held for over a year, tortured • During a rescue attempt he was killed by rebel fire • Chet Bitterman – Colombia 1981 • American linguist with SIL, seeking the most difficult tribe in Colombia • Just assigned to the “Carabayo” tribe, which Fanning discovered • While in Bogota at Guesthouse M-19 broke in and took Chet demanding that Wycliffe depart the country • 48 days later his body was found in a bus, shot in the chest

13. Specialization Missions Cameron Townsen (1896-1982) • Medical Missions: Carl Becker – Ituri jungle, Congo • Served between 7 mission stations, one 250-bed hospital • A leprosarium of 7,000 patients often treating 2,000/day • His ministry started a large church and smaller churches at each medical station he established • Often medical aid is best prevented by adequate funding • Accepting government subsidies forfeit freedom to preach; plus high level of exhaustion, burnout and turnover. • Primary health care includes clean water, adequate sanitation, immunization programs, maternal/child health, food supply and proper nutrition, prevention of endemic diseases and education. • Bible Translation: Cameron Townsen and Kenneth Pike • Tried to sell Bibles in Guatemala in 1917-1918 but no one spoke Spanish • In ten years he learned their complex language, translated the NT and taught literacy • In summer of 1934 started SIL and Wycliffe Bible Translators

14. Specialization Missions • Radio Broadcast: Clarence W. Jones, HCJB • Jones went to SA in 1928 looking for site to start a radio station. On Christmas, 1931 began first broadcast • Heralding Christ Jesus’ Blessing • Developed 500W transmitters in 1980 to overcome Russian jamming, for 2,400 programs a month • Developed educational tools, Christian Academy of the Air, Christian School, Hospitals in healthcare outreach • Missionary Aviation: Elizebeth “Betty” Green • Betty Green served as “Ferry” pilot in WWII wrote article on using aviation for missions • Navy pilot Jim Truxton read article and asked her to help him start MAF • Betty flew a Waco biplane to Mexico to help SIL in jungle camp as first MAF pilot Clarence W. Jones Betty Green, MAF

15. New Methods to know KennethStracham Evan-In-Depth Donald McGravan • Kenneth Stracham: Evangelism-in-Depth • General Director of Latin America Missions (1945-1965) • Began Evangelism-In-Depth, a concentrated, highly mobilized, highly visible evangelistic activities (marches, crusades, total church participation, etc.) • Donald McGravan, missionary to India: Church Growth • Challenged by SVM to spend 30 years in India then became Professor of Church Growth at Fuller Theological Seminary, wrote Understanding Church Growth • Rejected the popular view of mission as “philanthropy, education, medicine, famine relief, evangelism and world friendship” • Convinced that “good deeds” must never replace the task of missions: building disciples of all peoples • Developed theories that result in growth of churches • Ralph Winter: founder of US Center for World Mission • Ten years as professor of School of World Missions at Fuller • Instrumental in TEE movement • Established William Carey Library, American Society of Missiology, Prospective Program and International Society for Frontier Missions • His focus is Strategy, Mobilization and Training Ralph Winter

16. TEE and Church-based Training Ted Ward, creator of TEE programmed instructional method Jeff Reed, BILD Monroe Brewer Int’l Dir CCBT • In 1963 The Presbyterian Church in Guatemala in 19 there were hundreds of pastors who could not attend the seminary in Guatemala City Seminary • Churches are led by men who have families and jobs, thus cannot responsibly leave everything and go to school, so the school must go to them. • By using programmed texts and meeting weekly with a teacher. • Classes are held in area churches, homes, schools or open air in rural and urban settings. • By 1980, over 200 TEE associations worldwide with 400 programs and 60,000 students in 90 countries. • In 1988 Jeff Reed proposed a Church-Based Leadership Development concept called BILD (Biblical Institute of Leadership Development. • Basic philosophy is that all leadership training should be the core ministry of the local church, thoroughly equipping members for any ministry • They have developed several degree programs in non-formal education in 1999 with more than 5,200 students • In 1990 Bruce Miller and Gene Getz from Dallas Theological Seminary developed their program of church leadership training through mentoring, in-ministry and life-on-life intensive internship program for developing church leaders and pastors. • Today they are in 30 countries , 28 denominations distributing over 40,000 courses. Bruce Miller, co-founder CCBT

17. House Church Movementsince 1990 Gene Edwards (b.1932), former SBC pastor, pioneered house church concept David Garrison, CPM w/ IMB Carl George, Small Group guru Meeting in homes can be obligated by circumstances or preference for informal intimate group dynamics Distinct from Small Group, or cell group concept which is usually part of a traditional church “House Church” is a misnomer, rather should be “simple church,” bodylife, “organic church” or biblical church. Though practiced for first 300 years and revived in the anabaptist, Moravian movement, it has become the methodology for contemporary missions to multiply church bodies in difficult regions (China, Vietnam, India, Cuba, Brazil, and Muslim areas) Major denominations and mission agencies are now focusing on house church networks, including the IMB The numbers of participants become staggering in many countries: China, 80-100 million; India, 20-50 million; Cuba, 10,000 HC since 1992 The practice of the priesthood of the believer, serious study of God’s Word with a mutual commitment to practice it weekly, worship and prayer, baptism and Lord’s Supper usually with a shared meal. Key to Pentecostal global growth, as Korean David Yonggi Cho’s church with 22,000 cell groups. Key to non-Charismatic growth: Willow Creek, Saddleback churches

18. Key Paradigm Shifts in last 50 years of 20th century Donald McGavran Indigenous Policy Church Growth Movement Short-Term Missions: 2.2 million per year UPG (NTM and SIL)-- Native translators 10/40 Window – AD 2000 & Beyond Chronological Bible Storying/Teaching TESL Emotive Worship Experience

19. Lausanne Global Congress on Evangelism • First Internatinal Congress on World Evangelism (ICOWE) 1974, wrote the Lausanne Covenant, drafted by John Stott of England. • Headed by Billy Graham to discuss the progress, resources and methods of evangelizing the world • Graham’s commitment to unite all evangelicals for total evangelization of the world • Ralph Winter introduced the term “unreached people groups” to contradict those calling for a “moratorium on foreign missionaries” • UPG should become the primary focus of the Church • Brought 2,700 leaders from 150 nations • Refuses to build a bureaucratic organization, rather strives to be a dynamic, catalytic force that mobilizes a movement of like-minded missional Christians who will pray, plan and work together for global evangelism • Second ICOWE (Lausanne II) was held in 1989 in Manila when the 10/40 Window was announced • Third ICOWE (Lausanne III) will be in South Africa in 2010 to re-stimulate the spirit of unity, humbleness in service and a greater commitment to global evangelism

20. AD 2000 & Beyond Luis Bush • Luis Bush at the Lausanne II Congress in Manila in 1989 presented the goal of reaching the major unreached people groups (UPG) with 10K or more by the year 2000 • Bush identified 95% of the world’s least reached people within the “10/40 Window” • Objective was mobilize the global Church to a specific goal of the largely ignored: UPGs • 1995 sponsored the GCOWE with 4,000 leaders from 186 countries to formulate evangelism plans for 2000. • 2/3 of delegates were from non-Western countries • Joshua Project 2000 identified 1,739 UPGs needing church-planting efforts • By 2001 all groups had been initiated and 50 million mobilized to pray for the 10/40 Window