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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/teach/vaccine/index.html. Plate 34. Antiviral Vaccines & Drugs. Vaccines. A vaccine stimulates the body to make proteins that destroy specific foreign organisms. Vaccine History.

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  1. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/teach/vaccine/index.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/teach/vaccine/index.html

  2. Plate 34 Antiviral Vaccines & Drugs

  3. Vaccines • A vaccine stimulates the body to make proteins that destroy specific foreign organisms.

  4. Vaccine History • 1700s, Edward Jenner, an English scientist, noticed that milkmaids did not get smallpox • Milkmaids commonly became infected with cowpox, which is similar to smallpox, but much more mild • 1796, Jenner took pus from a milkmaid’s hand, injected it into a young boy, then inoculated the boy with smallpox – the boy never contracted smallpox

  5. Antigens • Antigen – a substance that causes the production of antibodies in the immune system • Derived from the term antibody generator • Typically made of proteins or polysaccharides

  6. Antibody • Antibody – an immune system protein found in the blood that identifies and neutralizes antigens • Antibodies have binding sites that recognize specific antigens • Vaccines stimulate antibodies without harmful effects

  7. Vaccine Production • Vaccines are produced by cultivating living viruses in a tissue culture • After a significant quantity of viruses have replicated, a physical or chemical agent is used to inactivates the virus • Inactivated viruses still stimulate antibody production in the host, but don’t cause the disease

  8. Warm-Up How do vaccines work?

  9. Attenuation • Attenuation – the process of using a “live” pathogen to create immunity • Attenuated viruses pass through a foreign host (ex: an egg) first, and specific viruses are selected for the vaccine • A mutated virus may survive well in the new host, but is now harmless in the original host

  10. Benefits of Attenuated Vaccines • Since the virus is still alive, it will continue to replicate, but slowly – thus, boosters aren’t required as frequently • Activates entire immune system • Inexpensive

  11. Drawbacks of Attenuated Vaccines • Small chance that the virus may become virulent again • May cause disease in people with weakened immune systems • Can be difficult to transport – need to keep viruses “alive”

  12. Vaccine Injections & Boosters

  13. DNA Review • A nucleotide is formed from a nucleoside (nitrogenous base + sugar) and a phosphate group • During viral replication, nucleotides are linked by polymerase enzymes

  14. Acyclovir • A drug that is classified as a “chain terminator” and acts as a “false nucleotide” • During viral replication, the acyclovir is attached to the nucleotide in front of it, but lacks an attachment point for the next nucleotide

  15. Acyclovir • Brand name: Zovirax • Used to treat people with chickenpox, shingles, and genital herpes • Doesn’t cure people with these diseases, but stops the spreading of the virus in your body

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