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Community Ecology Chapter 21

Community Ecology Chapter 21. I. Species Interactions. Review: A Population is a group of individuals of the same species A Community is a group of interacting populations of many species. 5 ways species interact:. Predation Competition Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism.

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Community Ecology Chapter 21

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  1. Community Ecology Chapter 21

  2. I. Species Interactions • Review: • A Population is a group of individuals of the same species • A Communityis a group of interacting populations of many species

  3. 5 ways species interact: • Predation • Competition • Parasitism • Mutualism • Commensalism (Symbiotic relationships -next 3) Categories are based on whether each species causes benefit or harm to the other in the relationship

  4. 1. Predation When one organism kills & eats another. • Predator- the one that does eating. • Prey –the eaten • Examples: Lions –eat zebras Birds - insects Cougars –eat deer Blue whale- krill Snakes – eat mice Fox- rabbits Starfish- clams Eagle- prairie dog

  5. Predator-Prey http://www.bcseakayak.com/i/destinations2-pic.jpeg http://www.pbs.org/edens/etosha/images/fm_fc2.jpg

  6. Predator-Prey The predator, Didinium nasutum, a medium sized predatory  ciliated protist (length c. 0.1mm) is preying on the larger ciliated protist. http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/holyoak/Colpidium.jpg

  7. Predator-Prey • Adaptations - improve hunting in predators or escaping in prey • Examples of Predator Adaptations: • Rattle snakes have good smell & heat sensing • Spiders make webs • Tiger striped coat = camouflage • Examples of Prey Adaptations: • Mantis coloration • Mimicry

  8. Spider web- a predator’s adaptation http://en.wikivisual.com/images/3/30/Spider_web_20040725.jpg

  9. Wild Tiger of Kanha camouflage in the grass www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/animals/3738...

  10. Predator- Prey Adaptations Mimicry • Defense mechanism for prey • Deception - A harmless species LOOKS like a harmful, poisonous or bad tasting species. • A predator will avoid BOTH species

  11. Monarch and viceroy butterflies are an example of mimicry • Similar in appearance & are distasteful to predators. • A strong black line traversing the middle of the hindwing distinguishes the monarch (right) from the viceroy (left).http://images.google.com/images?svnum=10&hl=en&q=viceroy+butterfly+mimicry&spell=1

  12. Mimicry-snakes http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Coral_snake_mimics.gif

  13. 2. Competition *The relationship between species in which they attempt to use the same limited resource. *To fit into a niche, an organism must compete. *Competition occurs when fundamental niches overlap

  14. Competitive Exclusion- When 2 species of paramecium are grown in same media- note that 1 species wins, other eliminated.

  15. Competition Interactions: Character Displacement & Resource Partitioning • Evolution of niche differences or anatomical differences to lessen competition • Occurs because • Competition may eliminate species from the community. • Species may change under the pressure of natural selection • Example- Darwin’s finches have different shaped beaks & eat different foods

  16. Competition Interactions: Organisms can compete even if they never come into contact with each other. Examples: **One species can feed on a certain plant at night while another eats the same plant in the daytime. **2 Flowers compete for pollinators

  17. What happens when competition for the same niche is unnaturally changed? • Example- the Red Fire Ant- originally from South America-competes for the same niche as the native Black Ant • Why is the Fire ant dominating?

  18. Red Imported Fire Ant • Introduced from western Brazil- quickly becomes the number 1 ant pest wherever it occurs.  • The main reason -its natural enemies from its native habitat were left behind in South America • Queen ants can live 7 years or more, while worker ants generally live about 5 weeks, although they can survive much longer. • The venom burns like a hot match and causes tiny blisters or white pustules that persist for days if left untreated or for weeks if scratched or infected and may leave permanent scars.

  19. Symbiosis • Is a close, long-term relationship between 2 organisms. • 3 categories: • Parasitism • Mutualism • Commensalism

  20. 3. Parasitism Organism that lives on or in another organism and feeds on it without immediately killing it. Parasites HURT the host Host- organism that provides nourishment Parasite- Organism that does the feeding Most populations are negatively affected- weakened, sickened, shorten lifespan Parasitic micro-organisms (roundworm, protozoan, bacterium, fungus, yeast)

  21. Niche: • role that a species plays in its environment. • Fundamental Niche: range of conditions that an organism can potentially tolerate. • Realized Niche: The niche that the species actually uses.

  22. Parasite examples

  23. 4. Mutualism Cooperative partnership of 2 species Examples: ** Bacteria in your intestines- help you digest food,make vitamin K & fight off other bacteria. You give them a warm, moist habitat to live in. (Lactobacillus sp. & Bifidobacteria sp. **Central Africa-Ants and Acacia Trees- Trees provide nectar for ant food, ants defend tree against herbivores like grasshoppers and beetles

  24. 5. Commensalism • A relationship in which 1 species benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed • Example: Remoras are fish that attach themselves to sharks. The remoras get food but the sharks do not appear to get anything back. remoras on tiger shark

  25. II. Properties of Communities • Species Richness- number of species it contains. • (greater number of organisms= increased species richness) • Species diversity- how common each species is in the community (takes into account the population size - are some species rare or are their lots of most populations?)

  26. Patterns of Species Richness • Species- Area Effect- larger areas contain more species than smaller areas. • Predators may promote richness by preventing competitive exclusion in their prey. • Community Stability- resistance to change & disturbances.

  27. III. Succession • A regular pattern of change over time in the types of species in a community. • Begins when an area is made partially or completely devoid of vegetation because of a disturbance. • 2 types- primary & secondary

  28. http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect20sucn1.gif

  29. http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/succession.gifhttp://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/succession.gif

  30. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Bog.gifhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/Bog.gif

  31. Primary Succession • Development of a community in an area that has not previously supported life. • Bare rock • Sand dune • New volcanic island • Areas exposed after a glacier retreats

  32. Primary succession on lava flows, island of Hawaii www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/.../ecoregions/70202.htm

  33. Primary succession- on bare rock www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/successn/second.htm

  34. Secondary Succession • Is the sequential replacement of species after a disruption of an existing ecosystem. • Fires • Hurricanes • Burned, flattened forest after volcanic eruption • Abandoned farmland • New pond formed

  35. Secondary succession- on cleared land http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/successn/images/cleared.jpg

  36. Regrowth, four years after major forest fire, Colorado. In May, 1996 ecolibrary.org/page/DP420

  37. Primary succession is slower than secondary succession because it begins where there is no soil. • It takes several hundred years to produce fertile soil naturally. • Secondary succession can occur in less than a hundred years

  38. Pioneer Species • First organisms into the area. • Small, fast growing, fast reproducing • Examples- primary succession • LICHENS- colonizing bare rock • “WEEDS” – colonizing cement parking lots. • MOSSon old roof. www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/successn/intro2.htm

  39. Moss on rock http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/successn/images/moss.jpg

  40. A recently cleared patch of ground www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/successn/intro2.htm

  41. Same ground 2 years later, now covered in grass, low flowering plants www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/successn/intro2.htm

  42. Example of a Pioneer Species • Lichens-a mutualistic association between fungi & a photosynthetic organism- either a cyanobacteria or an algae. • Lichens , along with weathering, break up barren rock in primary succession. • Decaying dead lichens accumulates and is the first step in creating soil.

  43. Lichen on rock http://www.adventurist.net/trips/e-rock_04-2001/gallery_12-04/lichen-3.jpg

  44. Lichen on tree bark http://dj003.k12.sd.us/images/Foliose_lichen_130_d.gif

  45. Secondary succession • Occurs when an existing community disrupted. • Pioneer species usually=grasses. EX-After agricultural clearing in Temperate Deciduous Forest • Early stages- pioneer species like annual grasses & dandelions • Later perennial grasses & shrubs. • Next Dogwoods, Pine • Last, large Maple, Oaks, Forest trees

  46. Climax Community • Plant community that no longer undergoes changes in species composition due to succession. • Considered the “stable end point”. • Doesn’t “really “ exist- because communities continue to change- • Regularly “reset” due to disturbances.

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