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Frequency representation

Explore the developmental mechanisms involved in frequency representation in humans, from cochlear anatomy to neural contributions. Discover how frequency discrimination and resolution evolve from birth to school age. Delve into cochlear development phases, hair cell innervation, and frequency resolution measurement methods. Uncover the paradox of mature cochlear tuning but immature frequency resolution in infants. Gain insights into the place code shift, neural tuning, and temporal code development. Learn about the maturation timeline of frequency representation in the auditory system.

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Frequency representation

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  1. Frequency representation Part 2 Development of mechanisms involved in frequency representation

  2. Summary of development of frequency representation • Frequency discrimination and frequency resolution are immature in humans at birth, at least at high frequencies • Frequency discrimination at high frequencies becomes mature at about the same time as frequency resolution, around 6 months • Frequency discrimination at low frequencies continues to mature to at least school age • What are possible auditory physiological bases of immaturity? Are there other explanations?

  3. Overview of lecture • Cochlear development (prenatal events for humans) • Anatomy • Physiology • Neural contributions to the development of frequency representation • Frequency resolution • Temporal code for frequency

  4. Development of the cochlea Frequency resolution is established in the mature cochlea and the nervous system maintains that fine frequency resolution

  5. Very early cochlear development From Crossin et al, 1984

  6. Timing of cochlear development events in humans From Northern & Downs, 1991

  7. Morphological development of the cochlea

  8. Prenatal and postnatal development of the cochlea

  9. Developmental events happen first at the base, and progress apically

  10. Hair cell innervation

  11. Development of hair cell innervation

  12. Some potentially important developments • Changes in basilar membrane stiffness and other mechanical properties of the organ of Corti. • Differentiation and innervation of hair cells • Development of the stria vascularis and endocochlear potential.

  13. At the onset of cochlear function, sensitivity and frequency resolution are poor.

  14. Frequency gradient in development of frequency resolution?

  15. f1 f2 f1 f2 2f1-f2 Level Level Frequency Frequency f1 f2 f1 f2 2f1-f2 Level Level Frequency Frequency Measuring cochlear frequency resolution using otoacoustic emissions suppressor

  16. Suppressor frequency Measuring cochlear frequency resolution using otoacoustic emissions Suppressor level to reduce emission by 3 dB

  17. Cochlear frequency resolution development in humans

  18. So if cochlear tuning is mature,why do 3-month-old infants have immature frequency resolution?

  19. You can have mature and immature tuning in neurons tuned to the same frequency Cochlea Auditory nerve Tuning quality Superior olive Frequency

  20. Development of the end bulb of Held

  21. Development of neural tuning in human infants

  22. Sound frequency to which animals first respond

  23. A paradox in development

  24. Place code shift

  25. Place code shift at three frequencies

  26. Other observations about the place code shift • Responses in the nervous system shift with the responses in the cochlea. • The shift occurs in mammals. • If an animal is trained to respond to a certain frequency early in life, they will act like they learned to respond to a lower frequency later in life.

  27. Possible causes of the place code shift • Middle ear response • Outer hair cells • Basilar membrane stiffness

  28. Timing in humans?

  29. Development of the temporal code for frequency • Phase locking takes longer to develop than frequency tuning. • Phase locking develops in the central nervous system later than at the periphery.

  30. Development of phase locking in humans

  31. Development of phase locking in humans

  32. Development of frequency representation: Conclusions • Frequency resolution at the level of the cochlea is mature prior to term birth, but at the level of the brainstem is still immature until about 6 months. • The cochlear map of frequency shifts during development; in humans this occurs prenatally. • The development of the temporal code for frequency has not been studied extensively, but there is some evidence that it may take longer to develop than the place code.

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