1 / 42

Database Management Essentials for Effective Data Handling

Learn traditional file organization, database models, and management challenges. Understand the advantages of databases and efficient file organization methods for storing and managing data effectively. Explore key components of Database Management Systems.

gregor
Download Presentation

Database Management Essentials for Effective Data Handling

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 8. MANAGING DATA RESOURCES 8.1

  2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • COMPARE TRADITIONAL FILE ORGANIZATION & MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES • EXPLAIN PROBLEMS OF TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT • DESCRIBE HOW DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ORGANIZES DATA * 8.2

  3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • IDENTIFY 3 DATABASE MODELS, PRINCIPLES OF DATABASE DESIGN • DISCUSS DATABASE TRENDS • ANALYZE MANAGERIAL, ORGANIZATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CREATING DATABASE ENVIRONMENT * 8.3

  4. MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES • TRADITIONAL DATA FILE ENVIRONMENT • DATABASE ENVIRONMENT • DESIGNING DATABASES • DATABASE TRENDS • MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR DATABASE SYSTEMS * 8.4

  5. FILE ORGANIZATION • BIT:Binary Digit (0,1;Y,N;On, Off) • BYTE:Combination of BITS which represent a CHARACTER • FIELD:Collection of BYTES which represent a DATUM or Fact • RECORD:Collection of FIELDS which reflect a TRANSACTION * 8.5

  6. FILE ORGANIZATION • FILE:A Collection of Similar RECORDS • DATABASE:An Organization’s Electronic Library of FILES * 8.5

  7. FILE ORGANIZATION • ENTITY:Person, Place, Thing, Event about Which Data Must be Kept • ATTRIBUTE:Description of a Particular ENTITY • KEY FIELD:Field Used to Retrieve, Update, Sort RECORD * 8.7

  8. KEY FIELD Field in Each Record Uniquely Identifies THIS Record For RETRIEVAL UPDATING SORTING * 8.8

  9. SEQUENTIAL VS. DIRECTFILE ORGANIZATION • SEQUENTIAL:Tape Oriented; One File Follows another; Follows Physical Sequence • DIRECT:Disk Oriented; Can be Accessed Without Regard to Physical Sequence * 8.9

  10. FILING METHODS • INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD(ISAM) : • EACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEY • GROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERS • KEYS IN INDEX • VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD(VSAM) : • MEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALS • DYNAMIC FILE SPACE VSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONALDATABASES • DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD * 8.10

  11. DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD • EACH RECORD HAS KEY FIELD • KEY FIELD FED INTO TRANSFORM ALGORITHM • ALGORITHM GENERATES PHYSICAL STORAGE LOCATION OF RECORD (RECORD ADDRESS) * 8.11

  12. TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT (FLAT FILE) • DATA REDUNDANCY • PROGRAM / DATA DEPENDENCY • LACK OF FLEXIBILITY • POOR SECURITY • LACK OF DATA SHARING & AVAILABILITY * 8.12

  13. DATABASE ORGANIZATION’S ELECTRONIC LIBRARY STORES & MANAGES DATA IN A CONVENIENT FORM * 8.13

  14. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) SOFTWARE TO CREATE & MAINTAIN DATA ENABLES BUSINESS APPLICATIONS TO EXTRACT DATA INDEPENDENT OF SPECIFIC COMPUTER PROGRAMS * DBMS 8.14

  15. COMPONENTS OF DBMS: • DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE: • Defines Data Elements in Database • DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE: • Manipulates Data for Applications • DATA DICTIONARY: • Formal Definitions of all Variables in Database; Controls Variety of Database Contents * DBMS 8.15

  16. STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL) EMERGING STANDARD DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES * DBMS 8.16

  17. TWO VIEWS OF DATA • PHYSICAL VIEW:WHERE IS DATA PHYSICALLY? • DRIVE, DISK, SURFACE, TRACK, SECTOR (BLOCK), RECORD • TAPE, BLOCK, RECORD NUMBER (KEY) • LOGICAL VIEW:WHAT DATA IS NEEDED BY APPLICATION? • SUCCESSION OF FACTS NEEDED BY APPLICATION • NAME, TYPE, LENGTH OF FIELD * DBMS 8.17 BIT BYTE FIELD RECORD FILE DATABASE

  18. ADVANTAGES OF DBMS: • REDUCES COMPLEXITY • REDUCES DATA REDUNDANCY / INCONSISTENCY • CENTRAL CONTROL OF DATA CREATION / DEFINITIONS • REDUCES PROGRAM / DATA DEPENDENCE * DBMS 8.18

  19. ADVANTAGES OF DBMS: • REDUCES DEVELOPMENT / MAINTENANCE COSTS • ENHANCES SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY • INCREASES ACCESS / AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION * DBMS 8.19

  20. ROOT Employer Job Benefits Compensation FIRST CHILD Assignments 2nd CHILD Ratings Salary Pension Insurance Health HIERARCHICAL DATA MODEL 8.20

  21. RECORD 1 POINTER RECORD 2 POINTER RECORD 3 POINTER POINTER • FIELD IN ONE RECORD IS ADDRESS OF NEXT RECORD IN SEQUENCE * 8.21

  22. STUDENT ID ONE-TO-ONE: CLASS ONE-TO-MANY: STUDENT A STUDENT B STUDENT C CLASS 1 CLASS 2 MANY-TO-MANY: STUDENT A STUDENT B STUDENT C TYPES OR RELATIONS 8.22

  23. NETWORK 1 NETWORK 2 NETWORK A NETWORK B NETWORK C NETWORK DATA MODEL • VARIATION OF HIERARCHICAL MODEL • USEFUL FOR MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS * 8.23

  24. RELATIONAL DATA MODEL • DATA IN TABLE FORMAT • RELATION: TABLE • TUPLE: ROW (RECORD) IN TABLE • FIELD: COLUMN (ATTRIBUTE) IN TABLE * 8.24

  25. COMPARISON OF DATABASE ALTERNATIVESHIERARCHICAL: PROCESSING EFFICIENCY:HIGH FLEXIBILITY:LOW USER FRIENDLY:LOW PROGRAM COMPLEXITY:HIGH * 8.25

  26. COMPARISON OF DATABASE ALTERNATIVESNETWORK: PROCESSING EFFICIENCY:MEDIUM / HIGH FLEXIBILITY:LOW / MEDIUM USER FRIENDLY:LOW / MODERATE PROGRAM COMPLEXITY:HIGH * 8.26

  27. COMPARISON OF DATABASE ALTERNATIVESRELATIONAL: PROCESSING EFFICIENCY:LOW BUT IMPROVING FLEXIBILITY:HIGH USER FRIENDLY:HIGH PROGRAM COMPLEXITY:LOW * 8.27

  28. CREATING A DATABASE • CONCEPTUAL DESIGN • PHYSICAL DESIGN * 8.28

  29. CREATING A DATABASECONCEPTUAL DESIGN: • ABSTRACT MODEL, BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE • HOW WILL DATA BE GROUPED? • RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ELEMENTS • ESTABLISH END-USER NEEDS * 8.29

  30. CREATING A DATABASEPHYSICAL DESIGN: • DETAILED MODEL BY DATABASE SPECIALISTS • ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM • NORMALIZATION • HARDWARE / SOFTWARE SPECIFIC * 8.30

  31. ORDER ORDER: #, DATE, PART #, QUANTITY PART: #, DESCRIPTION, UNIT PRICE, SUPPLIER # SUPPLIER: #, NAME, ADDRESS 1 CAN HAVE 1 PART M CAN HAVE 1 SUPPLIER ENTITY- RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM 8.31

  32. NORMALIZATION PROCESS OF CREATING SMALL DATA STRUCTURES FROM COMPLEX GROUPS OF DATA EXAMPLES: • ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE • PERSONNEL RECORDS • PAYROLL * 8.32

  33. DATABASE TRENDS • DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING:Multiple Geographical / Functional Systems Connected with Network • DISTRIBUTED DATABASE:Data Physically Stored in more than one Location • PARTITIONED • DUPLICATE * 8.33

  34. DISTRIBUTED DATABASES • PARTITIONED:remote CPUs (connected to host) have files unique to that site, e.g., records on local customers • DUPLICATE:each remote CPU has copies of common files, e.g., layouts for standard reports and forms * 8.34

  35. DATABASE TRENDS • OBJECT- ORIENTED:Data and Procedures Stored Together; can be Retrieved, Shared • HYPERMEDIA:Nodes Contain Text, Graphics, Sound, Video, Programs. Organizes Data as Nodes. • MULTIDIMENSIONAL:3D (or higher) Groupings to Store Complex Data * 8.35

  36. DATABASE TRENDS • DATA WAREHOUSE:Organization’s Electronic Library Stores Consolidated Current & Historic Data for Management Reporting & Analysis • DATA MART:small data warehouse for special function, e.g., focused marketing based on customer info * 8.36

  37. COMPONENTS OF DATA WAREHOUSE 8.37

  38. DATABASE TRENDS • ON-LINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING (OLAP):ability to manipulate, analyze large volumes of data from multiple perspectives • LINKING DATABASES TO THE WEB * 8.38

  39. DATA ADMINISTRATION DATABASE TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DATA PLANNING & MODELING METHODOLOGY USERS ELEMENTS OF DATABASE ENVIRONMENT 8.39

  40. DATABASE ADMINISTRATION • DEFINES & ORGANIZES DATABASE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT • DEVELOPS SECURITY PROCEDURES • DEVELOPS DATABASE DOCUMENTATION • MAINTAINS DBMS * 8.40

  41. Connect to the INTERNET PRESS LEFT MOUSE BUTTON ON ICON TO CONNECT TO THE LAUDON & LAUDON WEB SITE FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS CHAPTER 8.41

  42. 8. MANAGING DATA RESOURCES 8.42

More Related