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Mechanistic Level Example Modular Representation. Psychological. S S learning. FEAR. APPETITIVE. Coincidence detectors. Neurobiological. CEREBELLUM. AMYGDALA. Neurochemical. Synaptic receptors. NMDA. GABA. S. S. S. S. Second-messenger systems. Cell-molecular. cAMP.

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8.1

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  1. Mechanistic Level Example Modular Representation Psychological SS learning FEAR APPETITIVE Coincidence detectors Neurobiological CEREBELLUM AMYGDALA Neurochemical Synaptic receptors NMDA GABA S S S S Second-messenger systems Cell-molecular cAMP ARACHIDONIC ACID SPECIFICITY 8.1

  2. Determinants of performance Learning factors Signal/Response strength Sensory/Perception detection Acquired behavior Motivation Contextual variables Motor control Memory retrieval 8.2

  3. Cranium/Brain Vertebrates Annelids Mollusks Arthropods • Ganglionar nervous system Nematods • CNS • Bilateral symmetry Flatworms • Neurons • Radial symmetry Cnidarians Sponges 8.3

  4. (a) (b) 8.4

  5. 8.5 (a) (b) (c) (d)

  6. Paired with the US in Phase 2 Not paired with the US in Phase 2 8.6

  7. Nt Aplysia (Mollusks) Drosophila (Arthropods) Mouse (Chordates) Long- term memory cAMP PKA CREB DNA > 530 Mya CRE Nucleus Cytoplasm 8.7

  8. 8.8 Saccharin Flashing light Shock

  9. Effective stimuli Defensive mode Responses Increased predatory imminence Contact with predator Circa strike Defensive attack Threat display Predator detected Post-encounter Flight Freezing Reorganization of feeding Signals of Potential danger Pre-encounter Protective nest maintenance 8.9

  10. A X B Platform C 8.10

  11. 8.11 100 10 Hippocampus Volume (mm3) 1 100 1000 Telencephalon Volume (mm3)

  12. 8.12 Preexposure Conditioning

  13. 8.13

  14. Mammals (Rats) Birds (Pigeons) Reptiles (Turtles) SNC Amphibians (Toads) Bony Fish (Goldfish) Reversed SNC 8.14

  15. Insight Learning Continuity View S R Learning S R ? ? S R Trials Trials 8.15

  16. 8.16

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