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Cell Structure

Dive into the world of cell biology with this comprehensive guide on the structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Learn about the differences between bacteria, plants, and animals, and discover the intricate organelles that make up these cellular entities.

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Cell Structure

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  1. Cell Structure

  2. Prokaryotes Pro = before Karyon = nucleus Lacks: Nucleus Internal compartments (membrane bound organelles) Small, simple, single-celled organisms BACTERIA Eukaryotes Eu = true Karyon = nucleus Has: Nucleus Internal compartments (membrane bound organelles) Complex, multi-celled organisms PLANTS & ANIMALS Two Types of Cells

  3. Prokaryotic Cells • Bacteria • Have no nuclei or internal compartments • Small, single-celled organisms

  4. Prokaryotic Structures • Cell wall • surrounds the cell membrane and provides structure and support • Can have three shapes: • coccus (spherical) • bacillus (rod-shaped) • spirillum (spiral)

  5. Flagella/Cilia(Factory Vehicles) • threadlike structures • protrude from the cell’s surface • allows for movement

  6. Eukaryotic Cells • Animal Cells or Plant Cells • Have a nucleus and organelles • Complex and multi-celled

  7. Eukaryotic Structure Animal Cell Plant Cell

  8. All Cells Have: • Cell (plasma) membrane • Cytoplasm • Ribosomes • DNA

  9. Cell (Plasma) Membrane(POLICEMAN) • Separates the cell from its environment • Regulates what enters and exits the cell • Protects the cell

  10. Cytoplasm(RIVER) • Semi-fluid (jelly-like) interior of the cell • What holds the cell’s structures

  11. Centrioles(DIVIDERS) • ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS • Make microtubules (for cytoskeleton) • Help cells divide • Found in pairs next to nucleus

  12. Nucleus(BRAIN) • Control (information) center • Manages all cell functions • Contains DNA

  13. Nuclear Membrane/Envelope(GUARD OF NUCLEUS) • Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell • Regulates what enters and exits the nucleus • Protects the nucleus

  14. Nucleolus(RIBOSOME MAKER) • Found inside the nucleus • Makes ribosomes

  15. Ribosomes(BUILDERS) • Are “free” (scattered in cytoplasm) or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. • Make (synthesize) proteins

  16. Chromatin(DNA) • Genetic information • DNA provides the instructions for all the activities that occur in a cell

  17. Endoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE) • Network of membranes (2 Kinds)

  18. Endoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE) • Rough ER • Ribosomes attached • Move proteins through cell • Where proteins are made

  19. Endoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE) • Smooth ER • No ribosomes attached • Make lipids; break down toxic substances

  20. Golgi Apparatus/Body(MAILMAN/UPS) • Processes, packages and ships new proteins • Flattened membrane

  21. Vesicles(VEHICLES) • Small sac that transports things • Takes newly made proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus new proteins ER Vesicle Golgi apparatus

  22. Lysosomes(TRASHMAN) • Contain digestive enzymes • Digest worn out cell parts, food, or invaders

  23. Vacuoles(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE) • Stores water, food, wastes, and other materials

  24. Vacuoles(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE) • When full gives plants rigidity • Animal cells only have small vacuoles • Plants have a CENTRAL VACUOLE • Very large

  25. Mitochondria(POWERPLANT) • Produces energy for the cell • Uses food (glucose) and oxygen to make energy • Have own DNA and ribosomes

  26. Cytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK) • Microscopic fibers • Microtubules and Microfilaments

  27. Cytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK) • Microfilaments: • threadlike structures made up of the protein actin • produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell • help with movement

  28. Cytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK) • Microtubules • hollow structures made of tubulins (protein) that help maintain cell shape • play an important role in cell division • build projections from the cell surface—cilia and flagella—that enable some cells to swim rapidly through liquids

  29. PLANT CELL ONLY!!!

  30. Chloroplast(CHEF) • Produce energy for cell by photosynthesis • Convert light energy into food energy • Store as starch

  31. Leukoplasts (COOKIE JARS) Stores starch Chromoplasts (CRAYOLAS) Stores colored pigments ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

  32. Cell Wall(SKELETON) • ONLY IN PLANT CELLS • (and prokaryotes) • Surrounds cell membrane • Supports and protects cell

  33. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • CELL The basic unit of life. • What is a group of cells working together?

  34. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • TISSUE A group of similar cells working together to perform a function. • What is a group of tissues working together?

  35. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • ORGAN A group of similar tissues working together to perform a function. • What is a group of organs working together?

  36. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • SYSTEM A group of similar organs working together to perform a function. • What is a group of organ systems working together?

  37. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • ORGANISM A group of similar organ systems working together to perform a function.

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