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Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior

Explore the science of mind and behavior through the trait and social-cognitive perspectives on personality. Learn about ancient Greek traits, influential psychologists, the "Big Five" traits, and personality inventories. Evaluate the trait perspective and discover the social-cognitive perspective's focus on the interaction between personality and the environment.

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Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior

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  1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

  2. Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality Module 26

  3. Personality • An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

  4. Trait • A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

  5. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Perspective stating that understanding personality involves considering the situation and thoughts before, during, and after an event

  6. The Trait Perspective Module 26: Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

  7. The Trait Perspective • Play “Personality Testing for Career Choice” (3:59) Segment #28 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

  8. Ancient Greek Traits • Ancient Greeks classified four personality traits • Sanguine (cheerful) • Melancholic (depressed) • Choleric (irritable) • Phlegmatic (unemotional) • Felt these were caused by humor (body fluids)

  9. The Trait Perspective: Identifying Traits Module 26: Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

  10. Gordon Allport (1897-1967) • American psychologist and trait theorist who researched the idea that individual personalities are unique • Stressed importance of studying mentally healthy people • Resisted the idea of finding “personality law” that would apply to everyone

  11. Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) • English psychologist who researched whether some traits predicted others • Proposed 16 key personality dimensions or factors to describe personality • Each factor was measured on a continuum

  12. Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) • German psychologist who researched the genetically-influenced dimensions of personality • Two major dimensions: • Introversion/Extraversion • Emotionally Unstable/Stable

  13. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

  14. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

  15. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

  16. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

  17. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

  18. Eysencks’ Personality Factors

  19. The Trait Perspective: The “Big Five” Traits Module 26: Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

  20. The “Big Five” Traits • Openness • Extraversion • Agreeableness • Emotional Stability • Conscientiousness

  21. The “Big Five” Traits

  22. The “Big Five” Traits

  23. The “Big Five” Traits

  24. The “Big Five” Traits

  25. The “Big Five” Traits

  26. The Trait Perspective • Play “Personality Traits” (3:32) Segment #29 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

  27. The Trait Perspective: Testing for Traits Module 26: Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

  28. Personality Inventories • Questionnaires on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors • Used to assess selected personality traits • Often true-false, agree-disagree, etc. types of questions

  29. Validity • The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to test • Personality inventories offer greater validity than do projective tests (e.g. Rorschach; used by proponents of the humanistic perspective).

  30. Reliability • The extent to which a test yields consistent results, regardless of who gives the test or when or where it is given • Personality inventories are more reliable than projective tests.

  31. MMPI • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) • Most clinically-used personality test • 500 total questions • Originally designed to assess abnormal behavior

  32. MMPI Scoring Profile

  33. MMPI-2 • Revised and updated version of the MMPI • Assesses test takers on 10 clinical scales and 15 content scales • Sometimes the MMPI-2 is not used as it was intended.

  34. The Trait Perspective: Evaluating the Trait Perspective Module 26: Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

  35. Evaluating the Trait Perspective • Does not take into account how the situation influences a person’s behavior • Doesn’t explain why the person behaves as they do--just how they behave

  36. The Social-Cognitive Perspective Module 26: Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

  37. Albert Bandura (1925- ) • Developed the social-cognitive perspective, which suggests that to understand personality, one must consider the situation and the person’s thoughts before, during, and after an event • People learn by observing and modeling others or through reinforcement

  38. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Play “The Social-Cognitive Model” (5:43) Segment #27 from Psychology: The Human Experience. • Segment #26 “Origins of Personality” can be showed prior to #27 for background on Nelson Mandela’s life.

  39. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Interacting with Our Environment Module 26: Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

  40. Reciprocal Determinism: Three Factors Shape Personality • The mutual influences among personality and environmental factors • An interaction of three factors: • Thoughts or cognitions • The environment • A person’s behaviors

  41. Reciprocal Determinism

  42. The Social-Cognitive Perspective:Personal Control Module 26: Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

  43. External Locus of Control • The perception that chance, or forces beyond a person’s control, control one’s fate

  44. Internal Locus of Control • The perception that we control our own fate

  45. Learned Helplessness • The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated bad events • Martin Seligman studied dogs that were unable to escape a painful stimulus and eventually stopped trying to escape.

  46. Learned Helplessness

  47. Optimistic Explanatory Style • When something goes wrong the person explains the problem as: • Temporary • Not their fault • Something limited to this situation

  48. Pessimistic Explanatory Style • When something goes wrong the person tends to: • Blame themselves • Catastrophize the event • See the problem as beyond their control

  49. Positive Psychology • A movement in psychology that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive • Lead by Martin Seligman

  50. The Social-Cognitive Perspective:Assessing Behavior in Situations Module 26: Trait and Social-Cognitive Perspectives on Personality

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