Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e

1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

2. Methods Domain

3. Introductory Chapter

4. History and Perspectives Module 02

5. Part One:Modern Psychology’s Nineteenth-Century Roots Module 2: History and Perspectives

6. Wilhelm Wundt (Voont) (1832-1920) • The “father of psychology” • Founder of modern psychology • Opened the first psychology lab in 1879 • Focused on introspection – describe your conscious experience in a systematic way

7. E.B. Titchener (1867-1927) • Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness • Founder of Structuralism; steered psychology toward a descriptive science. • Successful descriptions of such basic elements were the bldg blocks of consciousness Had been Wundt’s student Moved away from self-reporting and describing and towards a descriptive science

8. Structuralism • Theory that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.

10. Gestalt (gih-SHTALT) Psychology • Psychological perspective that emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. • The whole is different from the sum of its parts (the individual notes in your favorite song) • How much money would it take to convince you to sell your kidney? • How much money would it take for your liver? • Your eyes? Your heart? Your brain?

12. William James (1842-1910) • First American psychologist • Author of the first psychology textbook • Founder of Functionalism • Helps us adapt to our environment (influenced by Darwin)

13. Functionalism • Theory that emphasized the functions of consciousness or the ways consciousness helps people adapt to their environment • Ex: we develop useful habits – like washing our hands before eating – because they help us function more effectively in our daily lives. Consciousness helped us adapt to and function in our surroundings.

15. Part Two:Psychology in the Twentieth Century Module 2: History and Perspectives

16. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) • Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective • Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts

17. Psychoanalysis • Theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

18. Freud’s Influence • Influence on “pop culture” • Freudian slips • Anal-retentive • Influence on psychology • Psychodynamic theory • Unconscious thoughts • Significance of childhood experiences

19. Freudian Slips • “Slip of the tongue” • What you say reveals something about your unconscious or semi-conscious desires / ideas • Sometimes sexual, but not always • Could be a misinterpretation, such as reading a word incorrectly • Sitcoms use them often • A man calls his wife by his mistress’s name • Austin Powers (and the mole) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ox2wz6BvjQ&NR=1 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fkBZ_BqXi0

20. Freudian Personality Dynamics • Our instinctual urges can be temporarily suppressed, but the energy must find an outlet • Outlets are disguised and indirect, to provide release for energy that will be safe and appear normal

21. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • Russian Physiologist • Studied learning in animals • Emphasized the study of observable behaviors

22. Pavlov’s DogClassic Experiment • http://vodpod.com/watch/4432179-pavlovs-dog

23. Examples of Classical Conditioning • Your romantic partner always uses the same shampoo. Soon, the smell of that shampoo makes you feel happy. • The door to your house squeaks loudly when you open it. Soon, your dog begins wagging its tail when the door squeaks. • The nurse says “Now this won’t hurt a bit” just before stabbing you with a needle. The next time you hear “This won’t hurt” you cringe in fear. • You have a meal at a fast food restaurant that causes food poisoning. The next time you see a sign for that restaurant, you feel nauseous.

24. Examples • Pairing a popular music together with the products in advertisements to generate positive feelings and liking towards the products • Christmas music played in store may trigger the sweet memories and the habits of giving and sharing in a consumer's mind and thus will persuade he or she to enter the store • Political candidates try to appear in TV with patriotic background music to elicit the patriotic feelings of the voters • Consistently advertising a product on exciting game shows may result in the product itself generating an excitement response. • Guys tend to associate themselves with anything that the girls like in order to create a good impression in their mind and eventually win their hearts. • Girls may tend to symbolize themselves as a "sex symbol" to instantly attract the guys to approach them to start a relationship.

25. People who receives chemotherapy often vomit during or shortly after the procedure.  After several chemotherapy sessions, people begin feeling sick at the sight of the treatment room. • Whenever you see a scary movie, you will always eat a box of thin mints. Now you will find that just seeing thin mints makes you feel scared. • Many beer ads prominently feature attractive young women wearing bikinis. The young women (Unconditioned Stimulus) naturally elicit a favorable, mildly aroused feeling (Unconditioned Response) in most men. The beer is simply associated with this effect. The same thing applies with the jingles and music that accompany many advertisements.

26. John B. Watson (1878-1958) • Founder of behaviorism • Studied only observable and objectively described acts • Emphasized objective and scientific methodology

27. Watson’s Extreme Environmentalism • “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” • John Broadus Watson, 1928

28. Behaviorism • The theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes. • http://vodpod.com/watch/4432164-little-albert

29. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • American psychologist whose brand of behaviorism focused on the role of responses in learning. • Focused on learning through rewards and observation • Behaviorist

30. Activity • Calling all Chimps or Social Network Activity – one class • Watch, Fishing for Ketchup

31. Skinner’s Pigeons • http://vodpod.com/watch/2893067-bf-skinner-foundation-pigeon-ping-pong-clip http://vodpod.com/watch/2893068-bf-skinner-foundation-pigeon-red-block

32. SKINNER’S VIEW OF BEHAVIOUR

34. Humanistic Psychology • School of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and the capacity for personal growth • Stressed the study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will • Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential.

35. Carl Rogers/Abraham Maslow • Prominent Humanists • Rejected idea that behavior is controlled by rewards and punishments • Stressed free will in decision making Carl Rogers

36. Jean Piaget • Developmental and cognitive psychologist known for his studies of children’s thought processes • Interested in how thinking develops

37. Piaget’s Stages • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue8y-JVhjS0 • Lots of Piaget on Youtube

38. Psychology’s American Groundbreakers Module 2: History and Perspective

39. Videos • http://www.learner.org/resources/series138.html • Learning • http://learning.aliant.net/Player/Search/SubjectTitles.asp?txtGeneral=psychology&offset=10 • The Magic of the Mind, The Story of Psychology • http://vodpod.com/watch/187703-b-f-skinner-a-fresh-appraisal • BF Skinner (4 minutes) • http://vodpod.com/watch/2948698-freud-analysis-of-a-mind-veoh-video-network • Freud (5 minutes) • Carla’s videos - learning

40. Graphic Organizer • Use one of the templates provided and create a graphic organizer of parts one and two. • One class, due the next day

41. Part Three:Six Contemporary Psychological Perspectives Module 2: History and Perspectives

42. Psychological Perspectives • Method of classifying a collection of ideas • Also called “schools of thought” • Also called “psychological approaches” • To view behavior from a particular perspective

43. Cognitive Perspective • School of thought that focuses on how people think – how we take in, process, store, and retrieve information • Focus: On how people think and process information • Behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation

46. Biological Perspective • School of thought that focuses on the physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior, thought, or emotion • Focus: How our biological structures and substances underlie a given behavior, thought, or emotion • Behavior is explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, etc.

50. Social-Cultural Perspective • School of thought that focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in different contexts or situations • Focus: How thinking and behavior change depending on the setting or situation • Behavior is explained by the influence of other people present