1 / 20

Introduction of invasive species

Marine Environmental Awareness Course. Introduction of invasive species. Name • Date. Invasive species. Contents Introduction Sources of marine invasive species Impacts Role of shipping – general Ballast Water Biofouling. Photo credits: unknown/Green Award Foundation. 1. Introduction.

gseabrooks
Download Presentation

Introduction of invasive species

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Marine EnvironmentalAwarenessCourse Introduction of invasive species Name • Date

  2. Invasive species Contents Introduction Sources of marine invasive species Impacts Role of shipping – general Ballast Water Biofouling Photo credits: unknown/Green Award Foundation

  3. 1. Introduction • Alien species maybecomeinvasive species • Not as many natural ‘brakes’ in their new environment - pathogens- grazers- predators- parasites • They can breed and spread quickly, taking over an area. Photo credits: IMO Globallast

  4. 2. Sources of marine invasive species • Shipping most important (69%) • Other sources: • Aquaculture (41%) • Canals (17%) • Aquarium trade (6%) • Life seafood trade (2%) • Floating marine litter • Source: Molnar et al. 2008 Photo credits: North Sea Foundation/Eleanor Partridge – Marine Photobank

  5. 3. Impacts - scale of the problem • 84 % of the all the world’s marine ecosystems have been affected by invasive species • All continents are impacted • 57% of the invasive species that have been examined are very harmful to their new ecosystems Illustration credits: UNEP/GRID-Arendal

  6. 3. Impacts - scale of the problem • Most heavily impacted areas include Northern California, the North Sea, the Hawaiian islands and the Eastern Mediterranean Source: Molnar et al. 2008

  7. 3. Ecological impacts • Direct impacts • Preying on native species • Competing with native species for food • Competing with native species for space • Altering habitats • Indirect impacts • Changing food webs • Decreasing biodiversity Photo credits: Steven G. Johnson/US Fish and Wildlife Service

  8. 3. Economic impacts • Global economic losses: € 7 billion every year • Examples: • Decrease in anchovy landings in Black Sea and Caspian Sea due to invasion of comb jelly (€ 500 million a year); • Clearing Zebra mussels from industrial facilities in the USA - € 750 million to 1 billion between 1989-2000; • Invasion of Chinese mitten crab in Germany - € 80 million total. Photo credits: JT Carlton / West coast ballast outreach project

  9. 3. Humanhealth impacts • Examples: • Increase of paralytic shellfish poisoning due to transport of red tides • Transport of cholera Photo credits: Ecomare

  10. 4. Role of shipping - general • Shipping is considered to be the most important source of marine invasive species worldwide (69%), of which: • 39% introduced by biofouling • 31% introduced by ballast water • 30% via both Photo credits: Unknown / Propulsion Dynamics Inc. – Marine Photobank

  11. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments - 2004 Will enter into force 12 months after at least 30 countries, representing at least 35 % of world tonnage, have ratified the convention Ratification status 35 states and 27,95% (30 June 2012) 5. Ballast water Photo credits: IMO

  12. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments - 2004 • Requirements: • Ballast Water and Sediments Management Plan • Ballast Water Record Book • Ballast Water Management • Ballast Water Exchange Standard (D-1) • Ballast Water Performance Standard (D-2) Photo credits: IMO

  13. Ballast Water Exchange (D-1) • Conduct Ballast Water Exchange (BWE) with 95% efficiency • BWE technologies: • Sequential or empty-refill • Flow through • Dilution • Shortcomings: • Safety-issues - weather and sea surface conditions • Not 100% effective • In the BWM convention, BWE is an interim measure Photo credits: K. Bell / US Fish and Wildlife Service

  14. Illustration credits: Lloyds Register

  15. Ballast Water Treatment (D-2) Many ballast water treatmentsystemsuse a combination of treatmentoptions. Primarytreatmentoftenusesphysicalmethodssuch as filtration and hydrocyclons. Secondarytreatment: • Mechanicalmethods: ultraviolet radiation (UV), thermal, ultrasound, magnetic, electricaltreatment • Chemical methods: use of biocides, chlorine, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, chorine dioxide etc. (‘activesubstances’) Photo credits: unknown

  16. Ballast Water Treatment (D-2) 25 BWT methods approved, 23 systems on the market (Lloyd’s Register, March 2012) Photo credits: unknown

  17. Remaining issues • Availability of systems suitable for ships with ballast water capacity larger than 5.000 m3 • Role of ports? • Challenge of (retro)fitting all ships in time (20 ships per day if we start now) • Doubts exist if ships are assured to be complient worldwide when they choose an approved system Photo credits: North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity

  18. 6. Biofouling • Historically prominent vector • Efficient anti-fouling paints, faster ships – perception in the 1980’s was that biofouling was no longer a threat • NOW - increasing evidence that hull fouling is a significant source of invasive species Photo credits: ProSea

  19. Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships’ Biofouling to Minimize the Transfer of Invasive Aquatic Species - 2011 Provides a globally consistent approach Recommendations on general measures to minimize the risks Biofouling management practices 6. Biofouling

  20. Questions

More Related