Origins of the american revolution

1. Ms. Garratt - Chapter 1: pp. 28-39 and Chapter 2: pp. 46-63 Origins of the american revolution

2. Mercantilism • Nations could increase their power & wealth by • Obtaining as much gold & silver as possible • Establishing a favorable balance of trade by exporting more than importing • Navigation Acts • Benefited England Benefits of American colonies

3. Urban v. rural Slave v.Wage Geography Climate Plantation v. merchant Industrial v. agrarian North & southern economies

4. Southern Economy Northern economy • Agrarian - rural • Plantation economy • Rich self-sufficient farms • Need for slave labor • Mild climate – good for growing all year long • Geography – rivers for transport w/o need for ports • Industrial – urban • Merchant economy • Small farms • Wage labor more cost effect. • Climate not good for year long farming • North had large ports in Philly and NYC Colonial economies

5. Slavery & the Triangular trade

6. The Middle passage • Middle leg of the transatlantic triangular trade • Horrendous conditions • 1 out 7 died (13%)

7. 80-90% of slaves worked in fields Others were domestic slaves or artisans Maintained some of their cultural heritage Resisted subservience by faking illnesses, breaking tools and staging work slowdowns Some even risked open revolt as in the Stono Rebellion in 1739. Africans cope in the new world

8. About 20 slaves killed several planter families Wielding guns and other weapons they beat drums and invited other slaves to join them to flee to Spanish-held Florida Many died in the fighting that took place All the instigators were executed Rebellion resulted in tightening of harsh slave laws already in place. Stono Rebellion

9. Scientific discoveries based on reason & math challenged & shattered previous beliefs & religious assumptions Emphasized reason & scientific methods Enlightenment ideas threatened religious hierarchy because scientific findings contradicted the Bible and showed that the world is governed by fixed math laws rather than the will of God. The Enlightenment

10. Politically the Enlightenment led to a belief that all people have natural rights of life, liberty & property That the purpose of gov is to protect those rights When gov fails to protect those rights people have a right to rebel Social contract – power comes from the people Impact of the Enlightenment led people to question the British and demand more political rights The enlightenment

11. By the early 1700s Puritans lost some of their influence and the strict Puritan code declined. A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring the intensity and dedication of the early church swept thru the colonies. This was known as the Gt Awakening Took place during 1730s-1750s Jonathan Edwards was major influence the great awakening

12. Restored many colonists’ X faith Challenged authority of established churches by de-emphasizing church authority. • Laymen preachers took part • Emphasized “individualism” • Many left their traditional congregations and joined different sects (denominations, groups) such as Baptists and Methodists. Impact of the Great Awakening

13. Both had colonies • New France was different because: • French colonists were usually single men engaged in the fur trade or missionaries to convert Indians • French were more interested in exploiting terr than settling • French had better relations with Indians because they needed them as partners in fur trade. Conflict between French & British

14. French-Indian War • Battle between British and French over ORV & who would control North America • Fr build Fort Duquesne • VA militia sent • Colonists suffer defeat • Quebec victory • Britain wins control over most of North America including Canada

15. Chief Pontiac captured 8 Brit forts in ORV In response, Brits deliberately presented NAs with smallpox contaminated blankets Virus spread quickly Weakened by disease & fighting many NA groups signed treaties Indians & Pontiac

16. Proclamation of 1763 • To avoid further costly conflicts with the NAs Brit prohibits colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mtns. • Issues 1763 Line of Proclamation • Angers colonists • End Ch 1: Sec 2

17. Vocab for quiz #1 • Plantations • Cash crops • Triangular Trade • Middle Passage • Stono Rebellion • Enlightenment • Great Awakening • French Indian War • Pontiac • Line of Proclamation • Ben Franklin • Jonathan Edwards • What were the key differences of the southern & northern economies • What impact did the Enlightenment & Great Awakening have on the colonies

18. What were the major differences between the Southern & Northern economies • What impact did the following have on the colonists? • The Enlightenment • The Great Awakening • The French and Indian War • The Proclamation of 1763 Questions: Pair activity

19. Sugar and Stamp Acts • Taxes needed to pay off war debt • Sugar Act attempted to stop smuggling (3) • Stamp Act was 1st direct tax • Led to boycott bc no rep in Parliament

20. Led to formation of Sons of Liberty Colonial assemblies cried “tax w/o rep” Merchants organized a boycott By 1766 Parliament repealed the Act But Brits issued the Declaratory Act Then Townshend Acts were passed that taxed Brit imports (glass, lead, paint, paper Also repealed –cost more than brought in Impact of the Stamp Act

21. Boston Massacre • Samuel Adams - Sons of Liberty staged protest • Exaggerated publicity • Paul Revere engraving was propaganda

22. Tea Act > Boston Tea Party > Intolerable acts

23. King furious about BTP Shut down Boston harbor Quartering Act General Gage appointed Governor Martial law declared Quebec Act As a result of these Brit actions the colonists form the 1st Continental Congress The intolerable acts

24. Sept 1774 56 delegates meet in Philadelphia Drew up declaration of colonial rights & defended their right to govern their own affairs Stated that the colonies would fight back is Brits used force First Continental Congress

25. Battles of Lexington & Concord • Meanwhile…April 1775 • British sent to Lex & Concord to get stash of weapons. • Famous Paul Revere ride to war the militia

26. Common Sense • Thomas Paine • Sold 500,000 copies in 1776 • Attacked King George II as a tyrannical brute. • Listed reasons why the colonies were better off without Britain. • Felt all the advantages of union went to Britain

27. May 1775 Delegates were torn Militia becomes Continental Army Washington appointed commander Olive Branch Petition Dec of Independence (DOI) Articles of Confederation (AOC) created Second Continental Congress

28. Olive Branch petition • July 1775 • The Olive Branch Petition was a last ditch effort to reconcile differences with British before declaring independence. • King ignored it

29. Declaration of independence • Justification for independence based on Enlightenment principles & John Locke • Consent of the governed • Social contract • Natural rights • Purpose of government • Republic • Limited government • Lists King’s violations

30. Speedy trial Jury of one’s peers Taxation with representation Presumption of innocence No standing army No quartering of soldiers Guarantee of legis sessions Few of the rights that were violated?

31. Pair Activity: Timeline • How did the following issues divide GB and the colonies? • Writs of assistance • Sugar Act • Stamp Act • Boycott • Declaratory Act • Townshend Acts • Boston Massacre • British customs schooner • Boston Tea Party • Intolerable Acts • First Continental Congress • Lexington/Concord • Second Continental Cong • Olive Branch Petition • Declaration of Independence • Common Sense by Thomas Paine

32. War for Independence

33. Loyalists opposed independence and remained loyal to the Brits Patriots supported independence 5000 AAs fought on the side of the Patriots but many fought for the Brits bc they offered freedom as a reward Loyalists vs patriots

34. As part of the plan to stop the rebellion by isolating New England the Brits captured NYC They had 1000s of German mercenaries known as Hessians help them. Trenton, New Jersey was victory for Washington The Brits soon captured Philadelphia though Saratoga – major victory which changed the tide of the war. Bc of Saratoga the French entered into alliance with Americans and gave military & econ support Valley Forge was low point however Early victories & defeats

35. When Continental Congress ran out of hard currency it printed paper money known as Continentals As Cong printed more money the value plunged causing inflation Congress also struggled to obtain funds to pay the soldiers (the Continentals) Robert Morris and Haym Salomon begged & borrowed on their own personal credit to provide salaries for soldiers Econ problems during the war

36. Women such as Molly Pitcher AAs fought for both sides Native Americans preferred to remain independent & “true to their culture.” How the war affected civilians

37. Feb 1778 in the midst of Valley Forge Friedrichvon Steuben, a Prussian captain, began training the Continental Army. The Marquis de LaFayette also arrived to offer training and he lobbied the French for more military & econ aid. Together this helped turn the Continental Army into an effective fighting force Winning the war

38. After Saratoga the Brits moved South & quickly captured Savannah, GA & Charles Town, SC. But the French & Americans were able to surround General Cornwallis & the Brits at Yorktown Cornwallis surrendered and Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 Brits move south

39. Social distinctions began to blur during the war A spirit of egalitarianism rose – belief in the equality of all people It fostered a new attitude: the idea that ability, effort and virtue, not wealth of family background defined one’s worth This applied only to white males though not women, AAs or NAs. Egalitarianism

40. Patriots v. Loyalists Hessians (mercenaries) Saratoga Valley Forge Inflation Robert Morris & Haim Salomon Captain Friedrich von Steuben Marquis de Lafayette Charles Cornwallis Yorktown Treaty of Paris Equalitarianism The American revolution

41. Triangular trade