Origins of the Industrial Revolution

1. Origins of the Industrial Revolution or Where Did All of These Machines Come From?

2. Pre-Industry Middle Ages = Traditional Farming Most farm land was communal land, meaning peasants worked on the same large, open piece of farmland. Fences / property lines not used—empty strips of land often separated farms. Disadvantages: The land between the strips was wasted. No fences allowed cattle to wander off of farmland. Peasants lives were at the subsistence level—barely produced enough food to survive.

3. Traditional English manor

4. Pre-Agricultural Revolution Middle Ages: • Middle Age farmers specializedin one crop, but found that after several years, crops began to die • To solve this problem, 2of 4fields were left fallow(empty) to regain nutrients • This is a very inefficientuse of land.

6. Agricultural Revolution (1600’s)Crop Rotation Wheat Corn Turnips Clover

7. Crop rotation • Each field is planted with a different crop, and crops rotate through each field once every 4years • Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop are replenished by planting different crops. • Fields not left inefficiently fallow. Enclosure movement • Wealthy landlords fenced in pastures, creating modern concept of property ownership. • Villages lost common lands and political power as landlordsbecame more powerful.

9. The 1stInventions of the Industrial Revolution were part of the Agricultural Revolution JethroTull invented a seed drill that planted seeds efficiently. Results • More foodavailable • Population increased • New crops: corn and potato

10. The Cottage Industry Merchants’ roles in cottage industry • Supplied materials - wool and cotton (textiles) to cottages to be prepared and spun. • Took supplies from spinning cottage to weaving cottage to dying cottage. • Merchants sell product for more than the material and labor costs—make a profit, become part of middle class Steps in cottage industry production Purchase or Gather Supplies (cotton / wool) Spinning House Weaving House Dye House Merchants pick up and sell to markets / stores

12. Girls dying wool in a dye house

13. Effects of the Cottage Industry • Big profits for new class of merchants • Alternative source of income for some peasants • Textiles become 1st industry in Industrial Revolution—Cottage Industry expands to Factory System (separate cottages brought under 1 roof) http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/videos#the-autoloom-revolutionizes-textile-manufacturing Capitalism • An economic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profit. • Cottage industry is an example of early capitalism

14. Why does the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?

15. Why are some countries industrialized and others aren’t?

24. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because of a favorable combination of resources, money and a large workforce • This combination of land (resources), labor (enough people for a large workforce), and capital (money needed to start an industry) are known as the Factors of Production

25. Simple Machines Helping the Textile Industry Problems faced by textile industry • Population growth = greater demand for clothing / textiles • Need machines to help produce more cloth • Cottages too small to hold big machines & more workers; inefficient taking materials to different cottages • http://www.videohippy.com/video/29733/Schoolhouse-Rock--Mother-Necessity

26. Hargreaves- invented Spinning Jenny. Machine that spun 8 times faster than a single wheel.

27. Arkwright- invented water frame (water powered spinning machines)

28. Cartwright- invented a water powered loom. One person could do the work of 800.

29. Eli Whitney- invented the cotton gin. This separated seed from cotton.

30. Rise of the Factory System • New machines, often too large for homes, were put into factories • Factories located near power source: coal, iron, and water  • Ever notice that most major cities are near water?

31. Effects of Textile Factories in Britain • Prices of mass produced textiles were much lower than hand produced products. • The majority of villagers were forced to leave farms to find work in urban factories, as farm labor was replaced by equipment

32. Steam Engine: The Need for Energy • Early factories relied on water mills and wind mills for power • Steam power evolved in response to the increasing need for power.  How the Watt Steam Engine worked • Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power. • James Watt patented the modern steam engine.

33. The Watt Steam Engine

34. Effect of Steam Engine • Steam power, used wherever coal existed, increased textile production • Improved mining which in turn fueled other industries

35. The need for Iron and Steel • Farming tools, new factory machines, railways made out of iron, then steel • Smelting makes iron ore more pure, but requires large amounts of carbon and heat • Bessemer process (Henry Bessemer) makes turning iron into steel more efficient—steel production goes up

36. The Need for Coal • Coal is necessary for smelting iron • Steam engines powered by coal. Effects of iron and coal • Britain produced more iron than all other countries in the world combined • Becomes wealthiest & most powerful nation of 1800’s

37. Transportation • Increased production of goods leads to a need for better transportation • New technologies make railroads, steam boats, and bridges possible