Chapter 21

1. Chapter 21 The Industrial Revolution

2. Section 1 A New Kind of Revolution

3. A Revolution in Great Britain • People began to develop new machinery powered by water and steam instead of using human and animal power. This era, when the use of power-driven machinery developed is known as the Industrial Revolution. Factors for success • Several Factors had come together to set the scene for the development of industry in Great Britain • Exploration and colonialism - GB claimed colonies around the world that provided vast amounts of raw materials. These then became new markets for british goods. • Seapower - Britain brought in raw material and sent out finished goods because it had the most powerful navy in the world • Political Stability - Besides the wars they fought around the world at home, the country was at peace and commerce thrived. • Government support - Parliament passed laws favoring business, which helped the country compete against others • Growth of Private investment - Private businesses funded experiments for creating better products.

4. A Revolution in Great Britain Agricultural Factors • Many research and development took place on farms. • Jethro Tull - wealthier farmer, invented steel drill which made planting grain much more efficient. • Enclosure movement - landowners fenced small fields to create large farms, allowing more efficient farming methods and increased the food supply. • However, this threw countless farmers off the land.

5. A Revolution in Great Britain Britain’s Big Advantage • Great Britain had the essential elements that a nation needs to achieve economic success. This is known as factors of production. There are three factorS, land, labor, and capital • Land meant all of a place’s natural resources. Great Britain had all of these; coal, iron, and water. Water was the most important because it turned waterwheels to generate power, and many waterways provided transportation. • Great Britain had the labor due to the growing population possible by the greater food supply. With the families that lost their land due to the enclosure movement, they worked in the industry • Capital was the funds for investment in business. Britains also had a “human capital” which were people with the abilities and skills that are needed in industry.

6. A Revolution in Textiles • The Industrial revolution began with the British cloth-making, or textile, industry. Weaving was a cottage industry - a craft occupation performed in the home. Industrialization - the process of changing to power-driven machinery. A New Way of Making Cloth • Wool supply increased due to enclosure movement. • Eli whitney invented cotton gin. • James Hargreaves revolutionized the spinning process with a machine called the spinning jenny. But the thread it produced was still thick and prone to break when woven • Richard Arkwright solved this with the spinning frame which spun stronger, thinner thread.

7. A Revolution in Textiles Cloth-Making Factories • The building that housed industrial machines was known as a factory. • These factories needed ready supplies of power. Arkwright built early factories to house a spinning system driven by water power. This came to be known as the water frame.

8. Steam Powers the Revolution • British inventors learned how to harness the force of steam to drive machines that transformed the world. Development of Steam Engine • James watt came up with an engine that was faster and more efficient at driving machinery than the first commercially successful one built in England. • Using steam power instead of water meant that factories no longer had to be built near ready supplies of water. • Steam was soon applied to other uses, eventually producing a revolution in transportation. • 1802, Richard Trevithick used a steam engine to produce steam powered trains. • Robert Fulton, invented a steamship called the Clermont

9. Steam Powers the Revolution Coal For British Steam Engines • Coal mining industry grew in northern and western England due to the amount of power needed to heat water. • Working in the mines was a dangerous job. Mine explosions, coal dust, collapsing shafts, and the sheer had labor took a heavy toll. • Children were often hired to slip down the narrow shafts and pick up coal

10. Industrialization Spreads Industry and the West • The impact of individual freedom on economic activity may be a reason to why industrialization do not spread quickly to all parts of the world. • Western societies saw competition as good. Wealth and fame rewarded those who competed well. • Fierce competition even led some westerns to exploit other countries in their search for raw materials and markets.

11. Industrialization Spreads Industry comes to America • Although industrialization spread far beyond Great Britain, it was not because the british wanted to share the wealth. In fact Britain outlawed the export of certain machines. • As a result of these restrictions, the industrial Revolution took place mainly in Great Britain. • Alexander Hamilton wanted to bring industrialization to america because he thought it would help the young United States gain economic independence from Great Britain. He would bribe british citizens into bringing their knowledge to the U.S. • Luckily Samuel Slater had already arrived from great britain and by memory built Richard Arkwrights machinery. Because of this he is known as the Father of American Industry.

12. Industrialization Spreads Industry Spreads to Europe • William Cockerill brought industry to continental europe. In 1807 he founded a textile factory in Belgium, the second industrialized european country. • Political unrest delayed the industrialization of France. 1789 the revolution started and the Napoleonic wars further delayed the process. Once Napoleon died industry began.

13. Industrialization Spreads Industry in Asia • Industrialization took hold there in 1868, when the Meiji government came to power and modernized Japan’s economy. • Japan then was far ahead of its asian neighbors and now is one of the worlds leading industries. • China, India, and Russia did not occur until the 1900’s.

14. Section 2 Factories and Workers

15. Production before Factories Production of goods started in cottage industries. Work in the Home • Cottage industries dealt directly with merchants. • Steps to making textiles: • Merchants delivered raw materials to the cottage • Workers then processed wool to the finished product • When it was done, the merchant picked it up and brought it to the market. • Weavers that worked at home had easier lives. They made their own schedules. Problems for Cottage Industries • Fires and floods would ruin home industries • There were advanced skills that took a long time to learn • Children were not strong enough to work the machines.

16. Factories and Factory Towns People had to leave their houses to go to work. There was room for more workers. Working in a Factory • Each work was given a task that was apart of a production. • Children learned how to work • jobs as young as 6 years old • Factory owners preferred to hire children because they can pay them less. • Most workers were adult men. • Children had dangerous jobs • They had to reach into machines and often got injured or lost fingers. • The factories had long hours and poor conditions • It caused sickness and death among workers. • 1830, the workers started to speak up about these poor conditions. LIfe in factory Towns • Towns grew around factories • Some businesses provided homes to their workers • When the use of steam power began, it became more hazardous to live around factories. • There was a lot of pollution in the air and in the water. • The textile city of Manchester, was very poor. They were a symbol of industrialization problems. Disease spread quickly.

17. The Factory System & Workers Factories changed the very nature of labor. Workers in a Economy • Factories required a lot of money. • 3 main levels of participants • Wealthy business people to invest • mid- level employees to run the factories • low-level employees to run the machines. • Employers who invested expected to make a product • Employees got paid very little. • There were a lot of workers • Factory work was considered “women's work” since they would do it for less pay than men. Cottage Workers’ Unrest • Some people still worked at home • They weren’t doing very well in competition with factories • They turned to violence. • 1811, in Nottingham, England, masked workers attacked a factory. • Marked the beginning of the Luddite movement. • Ruined factories but tried not to hurt people. • The Luddites were often hung.

18. The Factory System & Workers Changing Labor Conditions • The severe treatment of the Luddites illustrates that the British government did not want to get involved with factory problems. • If government helped the poor people, they would lose their motivation to work hard. • There were no labor laws passed. • Labor unions were made and people went on strike. • 1832- Sadler Report described the abuses in the factories. • 1871- parliament legalized labor unions A New Class of Workers • Factory conditions were slowly improving. • Middle class was growing

19. Factories & Mass Production The Process of Mass Production • mass production- the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items. • interchangeable parts- identical machine made parts. • assembly line- a product moves from worker to worker as each one performs a stem in manufacturing process. Effects of Mass Productions • Mass production advantages- • dramatic increase in production • businesses charged less per item • more people could afford things • Mass production disadvantages- • workers protested and refused to work quickly

20. Section 3 New Ideas in a New Society

21. New Ideas about Economics • During the late 1700s and early 1800s, industrialization was changing how people thought about economics • Mercantilism gave way to capitalism and competition Capitalism and Competition • Under the old mercantile system, governments restricted trade to protect their industries from foreign competition • In the late 1700s, people believed governments should not interfere with business, this is called laissez- faire economics, meaning “free to do” • Adam Smith became the leading advocate of laissez-faire economics, in 1776 he published The Wealth of Nations , which talked about the definition and creation of wealth • He believed that markets free from government interference benefits everyone, this is called a market economy • These ideas influenced Thomas Malthus, who was concerned about population growth caused by development of industry

22. New Ideas about Economics • Malthus concluded that population would always grow faster than food production so poverty and misery would never go away • Malthus’ ideas were used to justify low wages and laws that limited charity to the poor

23. New Ideas about Economics New Role for Business Leaders • Industrialization changed the way business leaders played in public life • Leaders of industry took away landowners’ influence • The Industrial Revolution brought up the role of the entrepreneur, or someone who starts a new business • Andrew Carnegie, born in Scotland, example of rags to riches success • His father lost his job in the textile mills and their family moved to America • Carnegie started working by the age of 12 • With hard work he led the expansion of the American steel industry

24. New Ideas about Economics • Other Industrialists • Cornelius Vanderbilt- railroads • John D. Rockefeller- oil • These men were admired for their contributions and criticized for how they treated their workers • Andrew Carnegie was one of few that generously donated to charity

25. Competing Economic Views • Robert Owen and Karl Marx were two men who disagreed with Laissez-faire capitalism • They believed it contributed to bad working conditions, and big gaps between rich and poor Robert Owen • He thought that for the good of all, everyone should own property and control industry, this is known as socialism, a clear contrast to capitalism • Owen, to demonstrate his ideas, built a mill complex at New Lanark, Scotland • Workers enjoyed good working conditions, many benefits, and were had strict curfews and bathing requirements • He brought his ideas to America in 1825, creating a new community called New Harmony, in Indiana, it was to be a utopia • There was supposed to be no poverty and no evils • The belief that a community can solve society’s problems is called utopianism • Owen led a movement called social democracy, they wanted to move from capitalism to socialism by democratic means

26. Competing Economic Views Karl Marx • He and Friedrich Engels, two Germans, believed that as capitalism grew, more and more workers would go into poverty • In time, they believed, that the workers would rebel and seize power and govern themselves • In 1867, Marx produced the first volume of Das Kapital, in these books he expressed his opinions against capitalism • He thought socialism could get rid of injustices, but he knew the transition would not happen quickly • The wealthy knew it would not benefit them • The workers would have to run the government in this case • The system in which the government owns almost all means of production is called communism • Later some governments would use communism to violate human rights and freedom of choice

27. Effects on Society • The rise of new economic ideas was one of the countless effects of the Industrial Revolution • Effects were felt in different ways, from how families lived to how countries dealt with each other Effects on Home Life • Before industry drew the men away from home, women worked beside their husbands • Now, they stayed home and took care of the children • People saw the business world without moral controls, so the women had to provide moral guidance Effects on Counties • For some nations, the Industrial Revolution it brought great power and wealth, and they became leaders in the global economy • Increased production allowed them to build ships and make weapons, this brought and increase to military power and allowed them to conquer many sources of raw materials • The industrial giants could control economies from thousands of miles away • The US gained global political power based on its industrial strength

28. Effects on Society • With industrial success, population grew quickly • Many people from other countries came to America for jobs in the factories • Immigrants contributed to the nation’s success and cultural variety Long- Term Effects on Societies • Industrialized societies saw an increase in wealth, which much of the wealth fed the rich industrialists • The standard of living, or level of material comfort, for people in industrialized countries improved • The Industrial Revolution introduced leisure to the middle class, people had more time on their hands and more money in their pockets • they enjoyed sporting events, concerts, or vacations • With increased leisure time, they were able to become more educated or participate in politics