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The Field of Psychology . What do you think Psychology is? Think Pair Shar e. Psychology. Definition of Psychology. Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour. . Psychology is Theory Based. Theory: a general frame work for scientific study.
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Definition of Psychology • Psychology is the scientific study of mental processes and behaviour.
Psychology is Theory Based • Theory: a general frame work for scientific study. • Psychologist break the theory into smaller components to gather evidence to prove their theory
Wilhelm Wundt • The “father of psychology” • 1879 he started the first laboratory for studying humans. • Believed you could train peoples brains to acutely describe sensations. • They described 44000 sensations before they realized there was little similarities between sensations
Wilhelm Wundt • Wundt realized that humans were far to complex to be measured in mechanical measurements. • Which encouraged Wundt to look towards the emotional side of the brain. • Posing the question how to people feel • This question formulated the concept of introspection • The process of looking into yourself and describing what is there.
Wundt Wundt major contribution to psychology was showing the scientific world that human mental processing could be measured in a scientific manner.
Sigmund Freud • The father of psychoanalysis • First comprehensive theories of personality. • Focused how personality is developed • Described the Unconscious Mind.
Freud • Elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy-system. In fact its so complex it has three parts: • The Id • The Ego • The Superego • all developing at different stages in our lives.
Id • The id consists of all the inherited components of personality, including the sex instinct • Eros—t he libido • Thanatos– aggressive (death) instinct • The id is the impulsive part of our psyche which responds directly and immediately to the instincts. • The id demands immediate satisfaction and when this happens we experience pleasure, when it is denied we experience ‘unpleasure’ or pain. • The id is not affected by reality, logic or the everyday world. • Operates on the pleasure principle
Ego The ego develops in order to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. The ego operates according to the reality principle, working our realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction. Like the id, the ego seeks pleasure and avoids pain but unlike the id the ego is concerned with devising a realistic strategy to obtain pleasure. The ego has no concept of right or wrong; something is good simply if it achieves its end of satisfying without causing harm to itself or to the id.
Superego • The superego incorporates the values and morals of society • The superego's function is to control the id's impulses, especially those which society forbids • i.e sex and aggression. • It also has the function of persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection.
Superego • The superego consists of two systems: • Conscience • Ideal self • The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. • The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behavior as a member of society.
Check and Reflect Why don’t I have more of an Id? Why do some people have weaker of stronger id’s ego’s and superego’s? If the Id is anger and sex, why is murder worse thing then rape? How many theories do we need to know for this class? How they know if all of this stuff is true?
John B. Watson • Was one the first psychologist to study the impact of learning on human emotion. • His theory inspired the behaviorist approach. • Most famous for his “Little Albert” experiment.
“Little Albert” • In his most famous and controversial experiment • They conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. • They accomplished this by repeatedly pairing the white rat with a loud, frightening clanging noise.
Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner
Howard Gardner • Believed people have a unique combinations of intelligences • There are 7 different types of intelligences
Linguistic • words and language, written and spoken; retention, interpretation and explanation of ideas and information via language, understands relationship between communication and meaning
Typical Roles • Writers • Lawyers • Journalists • Speakers • Trainers • Copy-Writers • English Teachers • Poets • Editors • Linguists • Translators • PR consultants • Media Consultants • TV and Radio Presenters • Voice-Over Artistes
Logical-Mathematical • logical thinking, detecting patterns, scientific reasoning and deduction; analyse problems, perform mathematical calculations, understands relationship between cause and effect towards a tangible outcome or result
Typical Roles • Scientists • Engineers • Computer Experts • Accountants • Statisticians • Researchers • Analysts • Traders • Bankers Bookmakers • Insurance Brokers • Negotiators • Deal-Makers • Trouble-Shooters • Directors
Musical • musical ability, awareness, appreciation and use of sound; recognition of tonal and rhythmic patterns, understands relationship between sound and feeling
Typical Roles • Musicians • Singers • Composers • DJ's • Music Producers • Piano Tuners • Acoustic Engineers • Entertainers • Party-Planners • Noise Advisors • Voice Coaches
Bodily-Kinesthetic • body movement control, manual dexterity, physical agility and balance; eye and body coordination
Typical Roles • dancers, demonstrators, actors, athletes, divers, sports-people, soldiers, fire-fighters, PTI's, performance artistes; ergonomists, osteopaths, fishermen, drivers, crafts-people; gardeners, chefs, acupuncturists, healers, adventurers
Spatial-Visual • visual and spatial perception; interpretation and creation of visual images; pictorial imagination and expression; understands relationship between images and meanings, and between space and effect
Typical Roles • artists, designers, cartoonists, story-boarders, architects, photographers, sculptors, town-planners, visionaries, inventors, engineers, cosmetics and beauty consultants
Interpersonal • perception of other people's feelings; ability to relate to others; interpretation of behaviour and communications; understands the relationships between people and their situations, including other people
Typical Roles • Therapists • HR professionals • Mediators • Leaders • Counsellors • Politicians • Educators • sales-people • Clergy • Psychologists • Teachers • Doctors • Healers • Organisers • Carers • advertising professionals • coaches and mentors
Intrapersonal • self-awareness, personal cognisance, personal objectivity, the capability to understand oneself, one's relationship to others and the world, and one's own need for, and reaction to change
Typical Roles • arguably anyone who is self-aware and involved in the process of changing personal thoughts, beliefs and behaviour in relation to their situation, and other people.
Biopsychological Approach • An approach that views behaviour as strongly influenced by physiological functions • Biopsychologists examine behaviour like this in terms of the physical changes that take place • Biopsychologist can be found researching physical changes that take place in depression.
Behavioral Approach • The behavioural approach is an approach that views behaviour as the product of learning and associations • Behaviour is viewed as a product of learned responses
Psychoanalytic Approach • Psychoanalysis is a system that views the individual as the product of unconscious forces • Behavior is viewed and a reflection of the unconscious aggressive and sexual impulses
Humanistic Approach • Humanistic approach is an approach that views people as basically good and capable of helping themselves • Behaviour is viewed as a reflection of internal growth
Cognitive Approach • Cognitive approach is an approach that emphasizes how humans use mental processes to handle problems or develop certain personality characteristics • Behaviour is viewed as a product of various internal sentences, or thoughts
Sociocultural Approach • Sociocultural approach is an approach that views behaviour as strongly influenced by the rules and expectations of specific social groups or cultures. • Behaviour is viewed as strongly influenced by the expectations of social groups or cultures
Class Teach • Split into groups • Each group covers one form of approach • Teach fellow classmates about psychological approach • What are the characteristic of that approach? • How does this approach look at behaviour? • What are the careers specialize in this approach? • MAKE IT MEMORABLE!! • Biopsychological • Behavioural • Psychoanalytic • Humanistic • Cognitive • Sociocultural Powerpoint Prezi Song Keep in mind multiple intelligences
Carl Jung • Jung was a colleague of Freud • He was obsessed with the unconscious mind • But, Jung viewed the unconscious mind differently than Freud • Jung saw personality development as lifelong process of striving to reconcile opposite urges
The Psyche and the Self Example: principle of the relationships between the unconscious and consciousness, by which the unconscious provides what is missing from consciousness to make a complete whole dreaming about aggression, to compensate for lack of conscious awareness of aggressive impulses developing a psychosomatic illness that makes you tired, to compensate for neglecting your need for rest Compensation:
Ego • Jung defines this as the unconscious mind
Personal Unconscious • In Jung’s theory of personality, one of the two levels of the unconscious; it contains the individual’s repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas.
Collective Unconscious • The level of the unconscious that is inherited and common to all members of a species.
