Final Exam Review

1. Final Exam Review English III Honors

2. Commas 1. I can correctly punctuate introductory phrases. • An introductory phrase is a group of words that comes before the “meat” of a sentence. • Introductory phrases must be followed by a comma. • In other words, I should put a comma after introductory phrases. • After these messages, we’ll be right back.

3. Commas, continued • I can punctuate items in a series. • Items in a series of three or more must be separated by commas. Always include a comma before the coordinating conjunction, too. • Aardvarks and anteaters are funny-looking animals. • The English III teachers, the English II teachers, and the social studies teachers are weird.

4. Colons • I can use a colon before a list. • Use a colon (:) to introduce a list as long as the colon doesn’t separate a verb and its object or a preposition and its object. • I love three things: chocolate, fried chicken, and coffee. • The police officer asked the driver for his license, registration, and proof of insurance. Practice (1, 5, 12)

5. Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement • I can choose the correct pronoun. • A pronoun and the noun it replaces (antecedent) must match (agree) in number (singular or plural), person (1st, 2nd, or 3rd), and gender (male, female, or neuter). • The Rueters news agency is respected for its integrity. • The Crucible is an awesome play; I love it!

6. Pronoun Case • I can choose the correct pronoun. • Pronouns used as objects of verbs and prepositions must be of the object case. Pronouns used as subjects or predicate nominatives must be of the subject case.

7. Pronoun Case, cont. Subject Case pronouns Object Case pronouns me you him her it us them • I • you • he • she • it • we • they

8. Pronoun Case, cont. • (I, Me) went to the store. • Bertha and (I, me) went to the store. • The one who went to the store was (I, me). • The ones who went to the store were Bertha and (I, me). • Give that to (I, me). • Give that to Bertha and (I, me). • I kicked (he, him). • I kicked Bertha and (he, him) More Practice!

9. Dangling/Misplaced Modifiers 6. I can correct dangling/misplaced modifiers. • An adjective must modify the nearest noun or pronoun. If the modifier is in the wrong place, it’s called a misplaced modifier. If the noun/pronoun isn’t in the sentence at all, it’s called a dangling modifier. Nope: Waiting for AT to be over, the clock seemed to tick in slow motion. Yep: Waiting for AT to be over, the students glanced repeatedly at the clock.

10. Parallel Structure // • I can correct errors in parallel structure. • Words/ideas that are equal/similar in a sentence need to take equal/similar forms. • For example, if one verb in a series of verbs ends in “-ing,” they all need to. • I am happiest when I am reading, swimming, or mountain climbing. • I love to watch the sun rising over the mountain tops early in the morning and smell the fresh air mixing with the aroma of my coffee. Practice!

11. Punctuating a Nonessential Clause • I can punctuate a nonessential clause. • Clauses that are nonessential—not essential to the meaning of the sentence—should be separated from the rest of the sentence with comma(s). • If you leave the info out, does the essential meaning of the sentence change? If not, use commas!

12. Punctuating a Nonessential Clause, cont. • Nonessential: My uncle, who is eighty years old, walks three miles every day. • Essential: The woman who interviewed you is my sister. Hint: Think of the commas as scoops that can remove nonessential (unnecessary) stuff from the sentence.

13. Sentence Fragment • I can repair a sentence fragment. • Sentences must include a sentence AND a verb and form a complete thought. • Wrong: Although you love English class. • Correct: Although you love English class, you cannot stay with the teacher all day.

14. Comma Splice • I can repair a comma splice. • Two sentences CANNOT be joined with just a comma. • Five Ways to Fix a Comma Splice • Use a period and start a new sentence. • Use a comma and a coordinating adverb (FANBOYS) • Use a semicolon. • Use a dash. • Use a semicolon, conjunctive adverb, and a comma

15. Five Ways to Fix a Comma Splice I want to hurt someone I don’t want to get fired. • Use a period and start a new sentence. I want to hurt someone. I don’t want to get fired. • Use a comma and a coordinating adverb (FANBOYS) I want to hurt someone, but I don’t want to get fired. 3. Use a semicolon. I want to hurt someone; I don’t want to get fired. 4. Use a dash. I want to hurt someone—I don’t want to get fired. 5. Use a semicolon, conjunctive adverb, and a comma I want to hurt someone; however, I don’t want to get fired.

16. Fused Sentence • I can correct a fused sentence. • A fused sentence is two sentences joined together with no punctuation. I like fused sentences they make me happy. You can fix them the same way you fix a comma splice!

17. Reading Skills • Vocabulary • I can determine meaning from context. • Inference • I can infer meaning from a complex text. • Comparison/Contrast • I can identify relationships between ideas.

18. Reading Skills • Comparison/Contrast • I can identify relationships between ideas. • Main Idea • I can identify the main idea of a passage. • Details • I can recognize specific details from a passage.