THE JACKSON YEARS

1. THE JACKSON YEARS

2. THE WEBSTER-HAYNE DEBATES • ROBERT HAYNE OF SO. CAROLINA (STATES RIGHTS) • DANIEL WEBSTER- (THE UNION CAUSE) • “A ROPE OF SAND.” -WEBSTER • “LIBERTY AND UNION NOW AND FOREVER!”

3. JEFFERSON DAY DINNER • JACKSON HAD NOT TAKEN A STAND ON NULLIFICATION • CALHOUN WANTS TO DRAW HIM OUT • TOAST: JACKSON- “OUR FEDERAL UNION, IT MUST BE PRESERVED!” • CALHOUN: “THE UNION, NEXT TO LIBERTY MOST DEAR!”

4. JACKSON AND The Nullification Crisis 1832 • “The Nullies” gain control in So. Carolina in 1832 • Tariff of 1832 lowers rate slightly • Nullies not satisfied call Columbia Convention • Apply Calhoun’s nullification theory.

5. Pass Ordinance of nullification of Tariffs of 1828 & 1832 • President Jackson responds • Jackson rejects right of nullification. • Jackson threatens to use force. • So. Carolina prepares to defend its borders.

6. Clay offers a compromise • Compromise Tariff of 1833. Reduces rates over 8 year period. • No other states follow So. Carolina’s lead. • Congress passes the Force Bill. Threatens force to collect tariff.

7. Columbia convention repeals tariff nullification. • But Nullify the Force Bill. (Much like the British Declaratory Act.) • No clear winner. South “appeased.” • “JACKSON should have strangled secession in its’ cradle!”

8. Politics of the Bank of the U.S. • Jackson distrusts the Bank of U.S. Headed by Nicholas Biddle. • Bank has 4 years to go on charter. • Clay wants to force the issue of re-charter for election of 1832

9. Jackson vetoes the re-charter. • The “rich” favor Clay, but Jackson has the common man. • The Banks +’s & -’s • Jackson calls Bank anti-western & plutocratic. Nicholas Biddle heads Bank • Advantages of the Bank • Negatives of the Bank

10. Election of 1832 Jackson defeats Clay 219 to 49 • Jackson claims mandate against the Bank. • Jackson declares war on the Bank • Bank has 4 years left on charter. • Jackson removes Federal funds • Places them in “Pet State Banks.”

11. Biddle calls in loans triggers Panic. • Proves Jackson right about too much power. • State banks expand money supply with easy loans. • Inflation sets in.

12. To restore confidence Jackson issues The Specie Circular. • Only Gold & silver can be used to buy Federal land. • Deflation and panic of 1837 follows • West feels betrayed. Westerners speculate on land prices. • Inflation helps them.

13. Seminole War in Florida 1835-42 • Difficult conditions. • Osceola a clever leader. • Osceola capture under a flag of truce. • Many Indians relocated to Indian territory.

14. Jackson’s Diplomacy • Wins access to British West Indies. • He asks the British politely and they grant access. • 1832 French agreed to pay damages for Napoleonic seizures. • Almost goes to war with France over debt in 1834.

15. British mediate the dispute. • Tell French that Jackson had apologized. • Jackson denies the apology but French ignore his denial. • War is averted. • The French debt is paid.

16. Transplanting Native American Tribes • By 1830, most territories east of the Mississippi had become states • Indian Removal Act (1830) • Cherokee developed certain aspects of society similar to whites • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia • Worcester v. Georgia • Trail of Tears

17. The Birth of Texas • 1823, A newly independent Mexico granted Stephen Austin Texas • Friction between Mexicans and Americans over • Slavery • Immigration • Local Rights • Texas declared its independence in 1836 • Battle of the Alamo • San Jacinto

18. Election of 1836 • Birth of the Whigs (heirs of Hamilton’s Federalist ideas) • William Henry Harrison, hero of Battle of Tippecanoe, emerged as Whig candidate, elbowing Clay aside. • Martin Van Buren was Jackson's hand-picked successor. • Van Buren d. Harrison 170-73; 765,483 to 739,795 in popular vote