Wireless Sensor Networks and Their Applications in the Environment Thursday 29 January 2004

1. Wireless sensor Grid - ReportsLTER ASM Meeting, Workshop on Sensor Networks; NSF Workshop Report on Environmental Cyberinfrastructure Needs for Distributed Sensor Wireless Sensor Networks and Their Applications in the Environment Thursday 29 January 2004 Peter Arzberger

2. Long Term Ecological Research Network • LTER Network is a collaborative effort • More than 1100 scientists and students involved investigating • Ecological processes over long temporal and broad spatial scales. • The Network promotes synthesis and comparative research across sites and ecosystems and among other related national and international research programs.  • The NSF established the LTER program in 1980 to • Support research on long-term ecological phenomena in the United States. • Provide information for the identification and solution of ecological problems • The 24 LTER Sites represent diverse ecosystems and research emphases • The LTER Network Office coordinates communication, network publications, and research-planning activities. http://www.lternet.edu

3. 1. Andrews LTER (AND)2. Arctic LTER (ARC) 3. Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) 4. Bonanza Creek LTER (BNZ)  5. Central Arizona - Phoenix (CAP)  6. Cedar Creek LTER (CDR) 7. Coweeta LTER (CWT) 8. Harvard Forest (HFR) 9. Hubbard Brook LTER (HBR)  10.Jornada Basin (JRN) 11.Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) 12.Konza LTER (KNZ) 13.Luquillo LTER (LUQ) 14.McMurdo Dry Valleys (MCM) 15.Niwot Ridge LTER (NWT) 16.North Temperate Lakes (NTL) 17.Palmer Station (PAL)  18.Plum Island Ecosystem (PIE)  19.Sevilleta LTER (SEV) 20.Shortgrass Steppe (SGS) 21.Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR) 22.Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE) 23.Georgia Coastal Ecosystems (GCE) 24.Santa Barbara Coastal (SBC) Long Term Ecological Research Network

4. Launched in 1993 http://www.ilternet.edu International LTER Network Current Chair, ILTER: Hen-Biau King, TFRI

5. Exploring New Spatial and Temporal Scales in Ecology Using Wireless Sensor Networks • September 2003 All Scientist Meeting of the Long Term Ecological Research • Participants • Tim Kratz, Paul Hanson: North Temperate Lakes • Stuart Gage: Kellogg Biological Field Station • Hen-biau King, TERN; and Fang-Pang Lin, NCHC • John Porter: Virginia Coast Region • Bill Michener: LTER Network Office

6. Goals of LTER Workshop • To identify scientific research opportunities and areas enabled and opened up by wireless sensor networks • New Science • Cross-Site or Synthetic Research • Impact of working at new spatial or temporal scales • To exchange information on capabilities, techniques and technologies, and experiences for wireless sensor networks • Lessons Learned • Biggest Challenges • Develop products that help achieve the goals above

7. 802.11b 11 Mb/s 900 MHz 2 Mb/s = VCR/LTER Lab VCR/LTER Wireless NetJohn Porter, Tom Williams, Dave Smith • The VCR/LTER uses a hybrid network with both proprietary 900 MHz and standard WiFi 802.11b 2.4 GHz wireless Ethernet connections. • Areas within line of sight of our two towers are tinted in yellow http://www.lternet.edu/sites/vcr/ Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

8. Uses of Wireless at VCR/LTER Integrated camera/ web server/radio/power • Real-time Meteorological & Tide data • Web Cameras (6 currently deployed) • Access to networked data resources (e.g., the web) in the field Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

9. Uses of Webcams • Capture time series • Education • Non-obtrusive observation • Observe rare events “A picture is worth a thousand words” Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

10. Wireless Webcam –pre Isabel Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

11. During Isabel Source: John Porter Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

12. Early Isabel Source: John Porter Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

13. Peak Flooding Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

14. Isabel Winds “Sensors can be where it is too dangerous for humans” Source: John Porter, Virginia Coast Reserve

15. Some lessons learned • Power supplies, not radios, are the most difficult component • Most consumer-grade DC-DC voltage converters are power hogs • Use cheap inverters, not expensive ones • The cheap ones reset automatically if batteries are drawn down, expensive ones don’t…. • Use digital, not analog timers to cut down on hours of operation to save power • Cheap inverters have poor frequency control Source: John Porter VCR

16. Crystal Lake is in foreground and Trout Lake is in background North Temperate Lakes Source Paul Hanson, NTL Freshwater important for human survival; habitat important of other species http://www.lternet.edu/sites/ntl/

17. North Temperate Lakes University of Wisconsin Automated Sampling Buoys Source: Paul Hanson, Tim Kratz, NTL Picture of Lab Freewave Sensors Picture of Buoy Freewave Communication

18. Continuous monitoring provides opportunity for pattern discovery And understanding relationships between variable Source: Paul Hanson, Tim Kratz, NTL

19. Where to from here? Better power sources More radio range Communication among sensors Adaptive Sampling run by intelligent agents Scalable systems Source: Paul Hanson, Tim Kratz, NTL

20. Development of Wireless Instrumentation for Remote Environmental Acoustic Sensing Stuart Gage Computational Ecology and Visualization Laboratory Michigan State University http://www.lternet.edu/sites/kbs/ Source: Stuart Gage, KBS

21. Sound as an Ecological Indicator and a Stressor Diurnal Curve ofTotal Activity in an Agricultural/Forested Landscape Diurnal Curve ofTotal Activity in an Urban/Human Dominated Landscape Cooper Ranch 2002/08/24 Ferris State 2002/05/23 As an Ecological Indicator- The integrity and dynamics of an ecosystem may be correlated to the complexity of that ecosystem’s soundscape. As a Stressor- Organisms require communication for their survival. Organism population may be inversely proportional to the degree of acoustic disruption. Source: Stuart Gage, KBS

22. MOE 1 2 NCHC-HQ NCHC-CENTRAL 3 NDHU 4 5 6 NCHC-SOUTH NPUST 7 Yuan Yang Lake EcoGrid Expanding Fushan http://ecogrid.nchc.org.tw/ Source: Fang-Pang Lin

23. HPWRENconnected topologyagendaMay 2002 Santa Margarita Ecological Reserve Palomar Observatory Los Coyotes Indian Res. Pala Indian Res. Pauma Indian Res. Rincon Indian Res. La Jolla Indian Res. Mesa Grande Indian Res. San Pasqual Indian Res. Santa Ysabel Indian Res. Mt. Laguna Observatory UCSD/SDSC SIO Scripps Pier Backbone/relay node Science site Researcher location Education site Incident mgmt. site http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/ Courtesy Hans-Werner Braun

24. Mt. Woodson area to UCSD to North Peak to Indian Reservations to Dan Cayan Doug Bartlett Hans-Werner Braun Courtesy Hans-WernerBraun

25. HPWREN Applications • Ecology: • Stream Sensors, • Behavioral Ecology • Oceanography • Astronomy • Earthquake Engineering • Geophysics • Crisis Management • Distance Education Multiple applications on same wireless backbone

26. Instrumenting the Environment Courtesy NSF Brochure

27. This model can be replicated and scaled to meet the challenges of global environmental observing, analysis, and action http://www.nsf.gov/pubsys/ods/ getpub.cfm?nsf04549

28. Participants:Deborah Estrin, Bill Michener,Greg Bonito Total: more than 85 AP Community: Masayuki Hirafuji (NARO), Fang-Pang Lin (NCHC), Shinji Shimojo (Osaka) http://lternet.edu/ sensor_report/ cyberRforWeb.pdf

29. Overarching View: Sensor Networks • Revolutionary Tool for Studying the Environment • Enables Scientists to Reveal Previously Unobservable Phenomena • New Cyberinfrastructure Capabilities and Infrastructure, Methodology, Middleware, People Needed These will lead to paradigm shift in science

30. Vision of Environmental Sensor Networks • SCALE: Pervasive in situ sensing of the broad array of environmental and ecological phenomena across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. • INFRASTRUCTURE: Sensor networks should be robust and autonomous, be inexpensive and long-lived, have minimal infrastructure requirements, and be flexible (expandable and programmable) and easily deployed and managed • DATA: Sensor network data should be maximally self-documenting and of known quality, readily integrated with other sensor data, and easily assimilated.

31. Key Areas of Discussion and Recommendations • Sensing Technology • Deployed Sensor Arrays • Cyberinfrastructure for Sensor Networks • Error Resiliency • Security • Data Management • Metadata • Analysis and visualization • Education • Outreach • Collaboration and Partnerships

32. Deployed Sensor Arrays • What are the most urgent needs in relation to deploying sensor arrays in the field to achieve the overarching vision of the report? • Recommendations • Invest in prototyping and end-to-end testbeds • Tested in large-scale natural environments across range of applications • Validation, comparison with traditional monitoring systems • Sensor networks include sensors, network security, information technologies • Automated system layout and coverage estimation; composition and configuration of synthetic and simple sesnors; validation and calibration of sensor systems

33. Cyberinfrastructure for Sensor Network • Support new genre of cyberinfrastructure research and development for scalable sensor arrays • Middleware and services (time synchronization, localization, in situ calibration, adaptive duty cycling, programmable tasking, triggered imagine) needed for hyper-scalability, sustainability, and heterogeneity • Build the requisite Grid and Web services • To convert raw environmental data into information and knowledge

34. Collaborating and Partnering • Build Partnerships • Universities, research labs, industry, standards organizations • Sustain long term deployment • To keep facilities alive, evolving, and non-obsolescent • Need funding for staffing for stewardship and management • Promote open source solutions and repositories • Need incentives for and ease of contributing to open source toolsets, models and testbeds • Allow for developing reusable system components and enhancing interoperability

35. Examples in Report • CUAHSI: Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. • GEON – the Geosciences Network • SpecNet – Spectral Network • Embedded Networked Sensing • NSF CLEANER Initiative – Collaborative Large-scale Engineering Analysis Network for Environmental Research • Fixed Ocean Observatories (Neptune) • NEON – National Ecological Observatory Network • North Temperate Lakes Monitoring • Observing the Acoustic Landscape (KBS)

36. Role for APAN in Sensor NetworksSome Thoughts for Discussion • Forum for discussion • Topics • Sensor technology • Grid and web services • Networking needs • Application drivers • Communities • Grid working group and current/ future partners ApGrid, PRAGMA, … • Natural Resources working group and current/future partners • Networking working with partners • Catalyst for testing sensor nets • Place where new technologies are tested in a diverse set of environmental conditions