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AP World Study Guide to South Asia

Took the APWH test. Here's what you'll need to know concerning South Asia.

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AP World Study Guide to South Asia

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  1. The unofficialAPStudy guide TOSouth Asia Made by an AP World History student a week after the exam…

  2. Table of Contents Countries: • India • Afghanistan • Pakistan • Bangladesh Each country slide includes: • Government/Empires • Religion • Trade • People* • Women’s Rights** *Some People slides may not have sufficient people simply because they were not featured exclusively on impacting the world as much as others in different regions. **MAY CONTAIN GRAPHIC IMAGES

  3. INDIA Is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[d]China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

  4. Government/Empires • Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE) • Harappa and MohenjoDaro -> TRADE ROUTES • Bronze Age (3330—1900 BCE) • Indus river (all early like Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt needed WATER source) • new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. • cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoried houses.

  5. Government/Empires (cont’d) • Mauryan Empire (332—185 BC) • Largest ever in Indian subcontinent • Chandragupta Maurya • Conquered Trans-indus region • Jainism • Helped social and religious renew and social reform • Ashoka(grandson of CM) • Buddhism spreader • Foundation of non-violence (social and political peace) • Decline • Fast after Ashoka • weak successors like….who? • Internal xxxxxxxxxx = External xxxxxxxx

  6. Government/Empires (cont’d) • Classical Age=Gupta Empire (320—550 CE) • Epics • Architecture • Sculpture • Paintings • Sanskrit poetry • United sub-continent India • Delhi Sultanate (1206—1526 CE) • Replaced by Mughal Empire • Turkic origin • Cultural renaissance (like Ming in China) • 5 kingdoms • First is Mamluk dynasty • Slave made into a soldier (like janissaries)

  7. Government/Empires (cont’d) • Mughal Empire (1526—1857 CE) • Babur (descendant of Chinggis and Timur) • First battle of Panipat • Samarkand • Battle of Chaldiran (defeated by Ottomans) • Akbar The Great (Babur’s son) • Patron of arts (murals) • Alliances with Rajputs • Women’s rights (sati, etc) • Mughal school • Tolerance of all non-Islamic faiths • Central govt. • Diplomatic relationship with Tahmasp I • Din-i-Ilahi Akbar Babur

  8. Jahangir Government/Empires (cont’d) • Jahangir (Akbar’s son) • Wanted expansion • Patron of painting • Centralized gov’t • Shah Jahan (Jahangir’s son) • TajMahal • Expand • Wanted India to be the center of arts • Architecture (gardens..) • Aurangzeb (peak) (Shah Jahan’s son) • Banned consumption, usage and practices of alcoholism, gambling, castration, servitude, eunuchs, music, nautch and narcotics • Ottoman-Hapsburg War (didn’t help Suleiman) • Destroyed non-Islamic shrines (Hindu temples) • Constant warfare for expansion • Mughal cannon

  9. Government/Empires (cont’d) • British Raj (1858—1947) • Minto-Morley reforms (AKA Indian Council Act 1909 • Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms • Great Uprising of 1857 • Rowlatt Bills • English East Trading Co. • Viceroys • Jewel of British Empire • Opium War • MKG and Nehru • Jinnah’s 14 points • Salt March • Quit India • Muslim League • JallianwalaBagh massacre • WWI • Watershed moment in relationship • Indian Nat’l Congress • Moderates and extremists • Religious ignorance • Pig and cow fat in guns “Faith... must be enforced by reason... when faith becomes blind it dies.” -Mohandas K. Ghandi

  10. Religion • Hinduism • Perhaps the oldest • Ramayana, Rigveda, Mahabharata (written 500—100 BC same as Rigveda), Vedas, Upanishads • Vedic period (1700—1100 BC) • Dharma, karma • Buddhism • Siddhartha Gautama • Eight-fold path, nirvana • Jainism • Mahavira • 5 vows (non-violence, non-stealing) • Islam • Muhammad the prophet • Largest minority religion • Sikhism • Guru Nanak • No idol worship • 10 Gurus

  11. Trade • Spice trade with Europe • Maritime trade with Africa • decreased production of food crops, mass impoverishment and destitution of farmers, and in the short term, led to numerous famines during British Raj • Textiles, cottons, hardwood furniture, carpets (during Mughal started), pearl fishing, ornamental work (ivory pearl shells). Rice, sugar, wheat • Delhi major trade center (good roads and river routes) • For more info, go to this site.

  12. Additional Links for Trade of Virtually Any Kind • http://www.indianoceanhistory.org/ • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_route • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/2708/Indian-Ocean-trade • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_maritime_history • http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/r/360/whm.html • http://gallery.sjsu.edu/silkroad/history.htm • http://www.chinahighlights.com/silkroad/history.htm • John Green YouTube Videos

  13. People of India • Jawaharlal Nehru • Chandragupta Maurya • Ashoka the Great • Akbar the Great • Babur • Jahangir • Aurangzeb • Shah Jahan • Mohandas K. Gandhi • Vishnu • Krishna • Brahma • Shiva

  14. Women’s Rights in India • Child marriage, sati, female infanticides, abortions of female babies • Trafficking -> prostitution, domestic work, child labour • No control over life (family plans everything) • Life expectancy lower due to nutritional discrimination (malnourished) • Female literacy rate lower than male • Large percent work • Less people get paid • Equality, no discrimination, equal pay for equal work • Still domestic violence occurs • Dowry—if not enough then suicide/murder for wife • Prohibition act passed but still in rural areas, happens • ½ of total number of crimes related to sexual harassment • Many blame influence of ‘Western culture’ • Don’t own any property/no share of parental property • Shares were based on share given by Dad • Married and marital harassment: no residential rights in ancestral home • After amendment laws of 2oo5, women same status as man • Can have higher positions (PM, President) • Indira Gandhi

  15. Afghanistan Is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East,[9][10] it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. It also has been a focal point in the Silk Road and human migration.

  16. Government/Empires • Seleucid Empire (312 BC–63 BC) • Greek-Macedonian state that was created out of the eastern conquests of Alexander the Great. • At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir and parts of Pakistan. • Controlled Afghanistan until 305 BC when they gave much of it as part of an alliance treaty to Maurya Empire • Maurya Empire (322 BC–185 BC) • Controlled till 185 BC (declined after Ashoka’s death) • Indo-Sassanids(230–565) • The Indo-Sassanids, Kushano-Sassanids or Kushanshas (also Indo-Sassanians) were a branch of the Sassanid Persians who established their rule in the northwestern Indian subcontinent during the third and fourth centuries at the expense of the declining Kushans Seleucid Empire at height

  17. Umayyad/Omayyad Empire (661-750) • Originally came from Mecca • Capital Damascus • Dome of the Rock • Sunni Islam • Four main classes: (top to bottom) Muslim Arabs, Muslim non-Arabs, Non Muslim free persons, Slaves • Favored rights of old Arab families over those of newly converted Muslims • Caliphate • Abbasids Empire (750-821) • Rifts with Shia Muslims • Capital Baghdad • Decline because of Mamluks • Caliphate; felt as if they were the true successor of Muhammad rather than Umayyads • Intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine, and education=COLLECTED EVERYTHING • The Book of One Thousand and One Nights • Corrected and improved Greek math • Hydropower improvements Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem Umayyad Empire @ height

  18. Government/Empires (cont’d) • Abbasids Fell Because…(Common in other empires as well) • Public Works • villages abandoned • irrigation works destroyed • Bandits and vagabonds were everywhere • Peasant rebellions often created by dissident religious groups • No government = power vacuum • CORRUPTION • Caliphs ignored hardships… • And focused on themselves (luxuries, harems) • Not enough money to support • Caliphs constructed costly new imperial centers. • Peasants had tax burdens • Famines=angry!

  19. Government/Empires (Cont’d) • Mongol Invasion (1206-1221) • Destroyed many towns and became part of Mongol empire • Mughals (1501-1738) • East Afghanistan • Rivals of Safavids • Wanted to block historical western invasion routes and control independent tribes who accepted only nominal control from Delhi in their mountain strongholds between Indus River and Kabul-Qandahar axis especially in the Pashtun area of the Suleiman mountain range • End of 17th century, both Mughal and Safavid powers waned—others came in • Safavids (1510-1709) • West Afghanistan • Theocracy – state and religion were same, shah was spiritual and political • Militant Sufis • Selim I of Ottoman Empire defeated Safavid at Battle of Chaldiram (1524) • Stopped believing shah was spiritual and awesome=decline! • Adopted Shia Islam in 15th century • Central authority • Used force to convert

  20. Soviet war in Afghanistan/ Soviet Union’s Vietnam War • 9 year war during Cold War involving the Soviet Union, supporting the Marxist-Leninist government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistanagainst the Afghan Mujahideen guerrilla movement and foreign "Arab–Afghan" volunteers • The mujahideengot unofficial military & financial support from a variety of countries such as the United States since the US just wanted to beat Russia and wear them down, much like WWI, and prove what? • The initial Soviet deployment of the 40th Army in Afghanistan began on December 24, 1979 under Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. • The final troop withdrawalended on February 15, 1989 under the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

  21. Sunni IslamBeliefs • Monotheism • Prophethood / Messengership • Holy Books ·Angels • Judgement Day ·Predestination • Five Pillars • Declaration of Faith ·Prayer • Charity ·Fasting ·Pilgrimage • Rightly guided Caliphs • Abu Bakr ·Umar ibn al-Khattab • Uthman ibn Affan ·Ali ibn Abi Talib ShīaIslamBeliefs & practices Monotheism Holy Books Prophethood Succession to Muhammad Imamate of the Family Angels Judgement Day Mourning of Muharram Intercession ·Ismah The Occultation ·Clergy Views The Qur'an ·Sahaba Ahl al-Kisa Muhammad ·Ali ·Fatimah Hasan ·Hussein Religion • Hinduism since existence • Sikhs brought by British • Zoroastrianism • Prophet Zoroaster • Creator Ahura Mazda is all good and no evil originates from him • Good and evil have distinct sources with evil trying to destroy creation of asha and good trying to sustain it • Buddhism • Mauryans brought it from India • Judaism • Islam • Sunni 80-89% • Oldest group • Orthodox version • Shi’as 10-19% • Other 1% or less

  22. Trade • Trade pomegranates (anaar), grapes, apricots, melons, nuts, and dry fruits • 15th underdeveloped country due to war and lack of foreign investment • Try to reduce poppy cultivation • Used to dabble in Silk Road (traded above) • Small numbers of corporations are starting to move there… • Deficit made up of donated money from countries around the world

  23. Trade (visual) Export trading tree map for Afghanistan Link

  24. People • Ahmad Shah Durrani • 1747- founder, Pashtun • Harun al-Rashid • Abbasid caliph whose luxuries are in The Thousand and One Nights • Became dependent on Persian advisors

  25. Women’s Rights in Afghanistan • Started to make own businesses • 50% of all medical workers are women • Part of Parliament • Can go in military • Poor economy=not enough money for everybody • Patriarchal • Men are entitled to make decisions for women (engagement and marriage) • Arranged marriages (child, even before born) • Burqa and chador • Long garment cover entire body with only a cloth grid allowing eyes to be seen • Very hot to wear • Leads to feeling of being completely invisible • Unable to leave homes without wearing it • Wearers @ high risk of asthma and feel claustrophobic • Dust from streets and limited range of vision (horse blinders) • Difficulty seeing • Do all household work • Education very low (15% literacy) • As of 2o11, 37% females are students

  26. PAKISTAN It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.

  27. Government/Empires • Bronze Age Indus River Civilization (2800-1800 BCE) at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Refer to slide 4. • Vedic Civilization (1500-500 BCE) • Laid foundations for Hinduism which wouldn’t rise to prominence • Achaemenid Empire (519 BCE) • Founded by Cyrus the Great • Multi-state empire and early feudalism (satrapy system) • Complex network of roads = TRADE • Too much size + diversity = Power to Local Governments -> No power to King = REBELLIONS = time+money • Edict of Restoration • Banned slavery (POWs were ok for slaves though) Depiction of Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia)

  28. Government/Empires • Alexander the Great’s Empire (326 BCE) • Maurya Empire (185 BCE) Refer back to slide 5. • Mughal Empire Refer back to slide 7. • Founded by Chandragupta and extended by Ashoka • Persian literature and high culture (making Indo-Persian culture) • Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 CE) Refer back to slide 6. • Lodi/Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526 CE) • Last of Delhi Sultanate • Declined because of abandoned trade routes (Deccan) and no money with internal political problems • Medieval period (642-1219 CE) • Spread of Religion (Sufi missionaries) • Muhammad bin Qasim conquered land in 711 CE • Foundation of Pakistan laid in 711 CE

  29. Government/Empires • Early 18th century, Mughal empire gradually decined so Sikh rulers were able to control large areas until British East India Co. came along • Indian Rebellion of 1857 aka Sepoy Mutiny • All-India Muslim League • Muhammad Ali Jinnah • After independence in 1947 • Democratic parliamentary federal republic • State religion Islam • Bicameral legilature w/ 100 Senate and 342 National Assembly • President head of state and commander-in-chief & elected by an elector college • Prime minister is leader of largest party in National Assembly • Benazir Bhutto • Military coups • Foreign policy security against threats to national identity and territorial integrity Sepoy

  30. Religion • Islam 95-98% • Majority Sunni • Shias Minority • 2-5% Other • Bahá'í Faith Above: A map of Major Ethnic Groups in Pakistan; Left: The Faisai Mosque in Islamabad, which is the largest mosque of Pakistan and is also one of the largest in the world, was built by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.

  31. Trade • More stability in the nation's monetary policies=reduction in money-market interest rates • great expansion in the quantity of credit, changing consumption and investment patterns in the nation. • textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture are traded • Growth poles of Pakistan's economy are situated along the Indus River • Economy has suffered from internal political disputes, a fast growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing war with neighboring India • Liberalization in the international textile trade has already yielded benefits for Pakistan's exports • profit from freer trade in agriculture. • hopes to take advantage and replace China as the largest textile manufacturer as the latter China moves up the value-added chain. • These industries play to Pakistan's relative strengths in low labor costs. Left: Fabric drying in Faisalabad

  32. People • Liaquat Ali Khan (1896-1951) • 1st prime minister until he had an “accident” • Chandbury Mohammad Ali (1905-1980) • Key role in the organization of the new government in 1947 • Mohammad Iqbal (1873-1938) • The poet and philosopher of revitalized Islam • Wrote in Urdu, Fari, and English • First guy to call for a separate Muslim state • Benazir Bhutto • Pakistan People’s Party head after her dad who founded the party died • Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) the Quaid-e-Azam, or "Great Leader" • Rallied the Muslims to make a Muslim state on the subcontinent • First governor-general of the Commonwealth of Pakistan.

  33. Women’s Rights in Pakistan • Gender subordination • Literacy rate REALLY low • Not much work force • Dress code • Hijab wearing (choice) • Showing ones hair is rude and bad taste • Veil in public • Violence • Acid Throwing • Breast ironing • Bride burning • Domestic violence • Female genital mutilation • Foot binding • Forced prostitution • Rape • Sati • Murder of pregnant women, marital rape • Sexual violence “Men are the maintainers and protectors of women, because Allah hath made the one of them to excel the other, and because they spend of their property (for the support of women).” -excerpt from The Qur’an

  34. Bangladesh is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means “Country of Bengal” in the official Bengali Language.

  35. Government/Empires • Bengal was later part of the Gupta and Harsha Empire from the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE. • Islam was introduced in 12th century • Arab Muslim merchants, Sufi missionaries, Muslim rule • British East India Company gained Bengal in 1757 after Battle of Plassey • After Sepoy Mutiny (1857) British viceroy ruled with famines almost always • Borders of Bengal were along religious lines (west India, east Muslim) joining Pakistan first called East Bengal (or East Pakistan) • 1950: Abolished feudal zamindari system • Present day is a parliamentary democracy and unitary state • Every 5 years vote • Pres. Head of state • PM head of government • JatiyoSangshad (unicameral parliament name) The JatiyaSangsad (Bangladesh National Assembly) complex is a contemporary and monumental architecture. This is where MPs discuss on the national issues and make law to protect country and human rights.

  36. Religion • Islam largest (89.5%) • Hinduism (9.6%) • Buddhism (0.7%) • Christianity (0.3%) arrived in late 16th to early 17th CE • Strong part of identity • 1st choice by citizen for self-identification BaitulMukarram Nation Mosque in Dhaka was built in 1962. Structure resembles the Kaaba in Mecca. Holy Rosary’s Church (Est. 1677) in Dhaka Puja celebrations in Dhakeshwari Temple. Buddha DhatuZadi, a Buddhist temple in Bandarban.

  37. Trade • Large trade deficit with India; offset by surpluses with other countries • Exports to India receive tariff concessions • Account for less than 1% of total India’s imports • Illegal trade between India and Bangladesh amounts to ¾ of regular trade • Textiles, jute, fish, vegetables, fruit, leather and leather goods, ceramics RMGs • Ship building and cane, rice, fruits, wheat cultivation • Oil (gas and coal mining) • Vast human resource base • Rich agricultural land • Relatively abundant water and reserves of natural gas • Possesses the world’s only natural sea ports in Mongla and Chittagong, Above: Global distribution of Bangladeshi exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market (USA - $3,178,910,000); Below: Karwan Bazar, a commercial hub of Bangladesh.

  38. People • Khaleda Zia • 1st ever woman prime minister from 1991-1996 and again from 2001-2006.  • After about 35 years of independence for Bangladesh, she's been the prime minister for 10 of them (the longest period).  • She was the 9th, 10th, and 12th prime minister of Bangladesh. • BangabandhuSheikh MujiburRahman • saga of a great leader who turned people-power into an armed struggle that created the world's ninth most populous state Above left: BangabandhuShiekhMujiburRahman; Above right: Khaleda Zia; Above down: flag of Bangladesh

  39. WARNING! WARNING WARNING! The following slide may have possession of images that could contain sensitive content. Those who DO NOT wish to see… SHUT YOUR EYES.

  40. Women’s Rights in Bangladesh • Violence • Domestic is widespread (47%) • Rural Areas • Money-related marriages • Spousal rape is not a crime… • Moral offenses (religious) like Salem Witch Trials… • Acid thrown in faces of women (aka acid attacks) • Education and Employment • 70% unpaid family laborers • Still subordinate • Government not acted to protect basic freedoms • Literacy rates 26% women;49% men • Women are sometimes ignorant of what they should have since they don’t have knowledge • Politics • More politically stable in the last 20 years • Ensured presence in local government/Nat’l Parliament • Growing influence of $$$ in politics=corruption/abolishment women roles • Can vote • Limited female involvement in party hierarchical structures

  41. Imparting Thoughts • STUDY YOUR TRADE ROUTES, MAPS, TIMELINES • ASK, ASK, ASK questions! • LOOK over charts • If you did them well, then they will serve you well! • They are there FOR A REASON… • REREAD certain chapters • Don’t JUST read Barron’s or others like Barron’s! • Only SO MANY THINGS change/stay the same over time all over the WORLD • TIME + WORLD = WORLD HISTORY  Good luck! 

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